NATURAL DRUGS V1.0
==================

This should be the final result in my attemps of writing something useful
about drugs. After writing five editions of Domestic Drugs, changing the
name to 'Encyclopedia of Psychedelic Substances, I've rewritten everything
again and named it 'Natural Drugs,. Beside the fact that this text is much
more complete than the previous editions (it contains up to 100 different
psychoactive plants) it is much simpler to read. 

This text should not be a replacement for a book dedicated to one of these
plants, its not possible to report detailed informations for such a large
number of plants, if you're interested in one single plant I suggest to
inform you also with other books. What it should be is an overview of
hallucinogenic plants, its actually more complete than 'Plants of the Gods,
(which contains 91 plants) and the book 'Psychoactive Plants, (which
contains 65 plants).

Please do some research before consuming any of these substances, nearly all
of the described plants are legal, although this doesn't mean that they
aren't dangerous.

The indicated dosages are only approximated, the alkaloid concentration in
plants may differ greatly.


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------


ACORUS CALAMUS  - Araceae (Sweet Flag)
--------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

There is evidence that in Papua New Guinea Calamus is used as a stimulant,
the Cree Indians from Canada also seem to use Calamus as a ritual drug.
Calamus grows all over the planet, from Australia to Europe (yes, also in
Switzerland and Germany). There are a lot of usages for Calamus, its
mentioned in a lot of Herbal Books for its curing properties. 

USAGE:

The roots are collected in late fall or spring, washed, cleaned and dried
at low temperatures. The root may be chewed or consumed as tea. It seems
that after one year the root looses its psychoactivity. I suggest to start
with a dosage of approx. 5-7cm of the rootstalk and increase the dose.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Unfortunately till now the science wasn't able to isolate the active
principle of Calamus. Alpha-Asarone, Beta-Asarone and Gamma-Asarone were
isolated from Calamus but they aren't proven to be psychoactive alone.

EFFECTS:

Little doses of the rootstalk (5cm) are a nice stimulant, if more rootstalk
is consumed (25cm) it becomes an hallucinogen. Unfortunately, like you can
see from the lines written above there isn't very much information on Acorus
Calamus, we need you and your friends to try it out and have some very
reliable reference. I've done personal experimentation with Acorus Calamus,
the taste is horrible, its really hard to chew enough rootstalk. The effect
is surely not only placebo but I've never managed to get strong effects.
Some people tell that only fresh rootstalk really works, they say that the
rootstalk that you can buy in your herbal store has lost its psychoactivity.


DANGERS:

There isn't very much danger with Calamus although large doses seem to damage
the liver.

SOURCES:

Acorus Calamus may be ordered by Horus Botanicals and from the Hexechessel
in dried form.






AMANITA MUSCARIA - Amanitaceae (Fly Agarick)
----------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

Fly Agarick grows all over the world, from America to Australia, it's
one of the few hallucinogen plants which you shouldn't have problems
to find. R. Gordon Wasson, the first white man who toke Psilocybine mushrooms
found evidence that the Fly Agarick is 'Soma, a ritual drug used in India.
An interesting fact about Amanita is that the active compounds remain
active in the urine of those who toke the mushroom. It seems that the
urine can be used seven times before loosing activity, this was done
by the poorer people in India, they just drank the urine of those who toke
the Fly Agarick. Amanita was the only drug present in Siberia before the
russians introduced alcohol.

USAGE:

The mushroom is consumed dried because the drying process induces the 
transformation of Ibotenic Acid to Muscimole which is the most active
substance. Bufotenine was also found in Amanita Muscaria, this substance
is also contained in the skins and poisons of some toads like Bufo Alvarus.
However research showed that Bufotenine isn't psychoactive, it may be
psychoactive if it would pass the brain-blood barrier, but it doesn't.
This means that one would have to consume such a great amount of this
substance to die due to the toxic effects before feeling any effect.
Some people claim that smoking bufotenine makes it active, I dont know
if this is true or not. It's possible to smoke the dried poisons of some
toads and getting stoned this however is not due to the Bufotenine but
due to the DMT and 5-MeO-DMT contained in the toads.
It seems that young mushrooms are stronger than old mushrooms. The usual
dose goes from one to four mushrooms, I would start with a half one
or so. There are different ways to take the mushrooms, they are or consumed
directly by chewing the dried mushrooms,or you can also put them in a
mushroom soup, they have a good taste. I heard the best way of taking Amanita
is to only use the red skin and let it dry completely. The nausea which
usually occurs is caused by the Muscarine contained in the Mushroom, the
skin contains only minute amounts of Muscarine, eating the skin will prevent
nausea. You can also boil the Mushrooms in water and drink the tea.
Smoking the mushrooms gives a very, very mild buzz, if you want to smoke them
(why should you?) try the skins because they are more potent than the rest of
the mushroom. There is also a yellow variety of this mushroom, it's called
Amanita Pantherina, it seems to be stronger than A.Muscaria, but it seems
also more dangerous, I would suggest to use the classical Amanita Muscaria,
I suppose it's much saver.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

It was believed that the active principle of Amanita was Muscarine, this has
been proved to be wrong. Eugster in Switzerland and Takemoto in Japan
isolated from Amanita Ibotenic Acid and the alkaloid Muscimole.

EFFECTS:

The effects of Amanita are very different from subject to subject, sometimes
deep sleep occurs, other times great activity. Macroscopia seems to be 
frequent, euphoria and visions may occur. Usually they aren't a true
psychedelic like LSD or Psilocybe mushrooms but they put you in a nice
dreamy state. This may be different with high doses but usually the effects
are mild. However I heard from different people that they didn't enjoy
the 'trip, they say it's very mild but usually unpleasant. You can't never
tell how you will react to a drug, the best example for this is Nutmeg.
Some people get really psychedelic effects from Nutmeg other become only
very, very tired.

DANGERS:

Contrary to the popular believe Amanita Muscaria isn't really dangerous,
there is only one report of death caused by A.Muscaria and it occured after
ingesting 25 mushrooms. It seems that the most poisons and active principles
are in the skin of the mushroom and not in the pulp.

SOURCES:

At last a little legal note, in Switzerland Amanita Muscaria is legal as
substance but can't be picked because it's a protected mushroom.



ANADENANTHERA PEREGRINA - Leguminosae (Yopo/Cohoba)
-----------------------
			  
RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

Unfortunately A.Peregrina doesn't grow here in europe but you may be able
to find it in some gardeners shop as exotical plant. A.Peregrina looks like
the well known Mimosa, but unfortunately it isn't. A very powerful snuff
was prepared from the plant and used in a lot of countries. Today the snuff
is used only in northern Argentina. Sometimes the seeds are also smoked
directly, this is the most easy way, preparing the snuff is very difficult.

USAGE:

Probably the easiest way is to smoke the seeds, preparing the original snuff
is difficult and the exact recipe is not known.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

The active principles of A.Peregrina seem to be tryptamine derivates and 
Beta-Carbolines. Like already mentioned the Indians made a snuff of the
seeds, but the substances are also active if smoked. Tryptamines like DMT
and 5-MeO-DMT taken orally aren't psychoactive, unless potentiated through
a MAO Inhibitor. The interesting thing is that Beta-Carbolines are MAOI's
and they may activate the tryptamines for oral consumption, although we
have no reports of A.peregrina being employed orally.

EFFECTS:

The effects of Yopo range from Macroscopia to muscles twitching and nausea.
There seems to be also visions and disturbed sleep. 

DANGERS:

We don't know exactly the dangers of the Yopo usage, but (at least the snuff)
seems to be a very powerful drug, and caution is never enough. I think
smoking the seeds is at the same time the simplest and the most secure
way to use A.Peregrina. If someone knows exactly how the snuff was prepared
please let me know. Probably Yopo isn't really dangerous, I suppose it's
very strong (like DMT itself) but I doubt that it may be really dangerous.

SOURCES:

Unfortunately none known.





ARECA CATECHU - Palmaceae (Betel Nut)
-------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

Lewin has estimated that by 1930 there were about 20 million Betel nut
chewers in India.

USAGE:

The nut is wrapped in a leaf of the Betel pepper and sprinkled with burnt
lime. Various spices like nutmeg and cardamon are added, this morsel is then
placed in mouth and sucked on for several hours. Approx. 0,5 grams of lime
are needed for each nut.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Arecoline (Methyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1-methylnicotinate), this volatile oil
is released from the nut by the action of saliva and lime. The nut also
contains Arecaidin, Arecaine and Choline. The Betel leaf contains Chavicol,
Allylpyrocathechol, Chavibetol and Cadinene.

EFFECTS:

Arecoline is a CNS stimulant, the Betel leaf also has mild stimulating
properties. The overall effect is stimulation and a slight euphoria.

DANGERS:

No dangers known from moderate use, excessive use may cause dizziness,
vomiting, diarrhea and eventually convulsions. Regular usage does stain
the mouth and teeth a deep red.

SOURCES:

Horus Botanicals sells prepared Betel Nuts.





ARGEMONE MEXICANA - Papaveraceae (Prickly Poppy/Chicalote)
-----------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

It is reported that in Mexico Chicalote is cultivated as a substitute for
real opium, it is also reported to be used in hospitals.

USAGE:

An incision is made in the unripe seed pot and the sap is collected. The
collected sap may be smoked in an Opium pipe or ingested with coffee.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Protopine, Berberine (Morphine-related alkaloids) and several Isoquinilines.

EFFECTS:

Sedation and mild euphoria, the seeds are reported to have a mild
hallucinogenic effect.

DANGERS:

None known from discreet use, continued use may aggravate glaucoma.

SOURCES:

Both the Hexechessel and Of the Jungle sell seeds of A.mexicana.





ARGYREIA NERVOSA - Convolvulaceae (Hawaiian Baby Wood Rose)
----------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

Unfortunately not known.

USAGE:

The seeds are removed from pods, the white layer is scraped and the seeds
are ground and consumed. They may also be soaked in water, strained and
drunk. The recommended starting dose is 4-8 seeds, later you may increment
the dosage.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

D-Lysergic-Acid-Amide (LAA), a compound related to LSD but much less
powerful. Other related compounds are present in trace amounts.

EFFECTS:

LSD like experience but much milder with less visuals, the trip lasts about 6
hours, although slight effects may be felt until 12 hours later.

DANGERS:

Pregnant women or people with history of liver disorders should not take
LAA. Nausea is usually experienced at the beginning of the experience, try
to find seeds which are not treated chemically. In order to avoid nausea
ingest the seeds on empty stomach. Please remember that psychedelic drugs
should be taken only in the right set and setting.

SOURCES:

Both Of the Jungle and Horus Botanicals sell seeds of A.nervosa, the 
Hexechessel sells both seeds and plants. All those seeds should be untreated.





ARTEMISIA ABSINTHUM - Compositae (Wormwood)
-------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

Absinthe was once popular among artists and writers, it was used by Van Gogh,
Baudelaire and Verlaine, only to name a few. It was believed to stimulate
creativity, however in the 1850's there began to be concern about the
results of chronic use. Chronic use of Absinthe was believed to produce a
syndrome called absinthism, which was characterized by addiction,
hyperexcitability and hallucinations. Absinthe was subsequently banned in
many countries in the beginning of the 1900's.

USAGE:

The bitter essential oil is extracted into alcohol combined with other herbs
to produce Absinthe. The simplest way of consumption is soaking A.absinthum
for several days in Alcohol.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

It is not clear if there is an active principle beside alcohol. Absinthine,
Anabsinthin and Thujone were isolated from A.absinthum and are believed to
be its active principles beside Alcohol.

EFFECTS:

Narcotic, sedative.

DANGERS:

It was once said that chronic Absinthe use caused absinthism and was harmful,
although probably those harmful effects were due to the Alcohol. In moderate
doses there are no known dangers.

SOURCES:

Both Horus Botanicals and the Hexechessel sell Artemisia Absinthum seeds.
It may also be found growing wild in southern Switzerland.





ARIOCARPUS RETUSUS SCHEIDW. - Cactaceae (Peyote Cimarron/Tsuwiri)
--------------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

This cactus has only little to do with the real Peyote. By some Indian
tribes it's called Tsuwiri which means "False Peyote" since it has similar 
effects. By some tribes it's also called chautle or chaute.
The Tarahumara Indians tell that Ariocarpus is stronger than Peyote and they
use it in their rituals. Other Indian tribes like the Huichol's tell that
Ariocarpus is a plant of the devil and that it's really dangerous to use.
Some tribes tell that the impure man who searchs peyote finds the false
peyote and goes mad, or at least has a bad trip. There are also other species
of Ariocarpus which are ritually employed, for example Ariocarpus Fissuratus
which is called Sunami and considered stronger than Peyote. If I find more
informations I will cover these cactii's in a future release.

USAGE:

I don't think it's a very good recreational drug, first we don't know a lot
about it and second I think for any normal person it would be quite expensive
to buy the needed amount of cactii's, but it may be worth trying if you have
the oppurtunity. The cactus may be chewed fresh or dried, probably it may 
be also brewed in a tea. Start with low doses.          

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

The active principles of A.Retusus are several Phenylethylamine derivates:
Hordenine, N-Methyltyramine (0.02%) and trace amounts 
N-methyl-3,4-dimethoxy-B-phenethylamine and N-methyl-4-B-phenethylamine.
A substance called Retusine (3,3',4',7-tetramethoxy-5-hydroxytlavon) is
also contained. An interesting thing about Ariocarpus retusus is that
pharmacologically the alkaloid content is too low in order to be
psychoactive.

EFFECTS:

Not much is known, although the effects are reported to be similar to those
of Mescaline.

DANGERS:

Unfortunately I'm not able to tell about the dangers of the A.Retusus use,
but I think there are some risks since the Huichol tell that this cactus is
evil. I think Trichoreus Pachanoi or Lophophora Williamsii (Anhalonium
Lewinii - Peyote) is the better and safer way to use cactii's, however I know
people who want to try everything once.

SOURCES:

This cactus, like peyote grows in rocky deserts, I was able to spot 
an exemplar at Londons Kew Gardens. You may also able to buy it at some
greater gardener shop but I only suppose. For sure you can order Ariocarpus
retusus, Ariocarpus fissuratus and other species of Ariocarpus from Horus
botanicals, from Ariocarpus fissuratus you can also get entire plants
(approx. 10 years old). Unfortunately Ariocarpus is a very, very slow
growing cactus and needs years to mature.





ATROPA BELLADONNA - Solanaceae (Belladonna)
-----------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

Atropa Belladonna grows in the entire southern Europe, I think it has spread
also over other parts of the world but I dont know for sure.
Belladonna is used since the middle ages as a drug, usually it was used by
witches and sorcerers. Atropa Belladonna played a great rule in the war of
the Scots under Duncan I against the norwegian king Sven Canute about
A.D.1035. They sent them a meal poisoned with Belladonna and won the war.
The name Belladonna means beautiful woman, it's called Belladonna because
it dilated the pupils of the beautiful women and made them even more
beautiful (of course it dilated the pupils, but not only those of the
beautiful women). The effect of dilating the pupils is due to the contained
Atropine, this name is derived from the god Atropos.

USAGE:

A person I know who experimented with the cherrys incremented the dosage only
up to three cherrys without having effects (beside the increased hearth beat
due to the Atropine). I suppose the effects start from five or six cherrys up.
If you want to try this stuff be very careful, start with small doses, wait a
few weeks take a greater dose, wait another week and so on till finding the
right dosage. The correct way of using Belladonna isn't eating the fruits,
the witches knew that, they made a fatty oil out of the plant which they used
on their head and their vagina. In this way enough alkaloids were absorbed to
cause delirium but not enough to kill the person. Smoking the leaves of
Belladonna won't give you an effect at all, you don't need to try it's
useless to smoke Belladonna.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Contrary to the popular believe the active principle isn't Atropine which
is widely used therapeutically as hearth stimulant, antidote against
some nerve gases like Sarine and as antidote against poisoning from most
mushrooms of the Amanita family (although not Amanita Muscaria). Atropine is
also very toxic, Atropine will only have small effects, it will cause your
hearth to race even in small doses. The real active principle of Atropa
Belladonna seems to be Hyoscyamine and to lesser extent also Scopolamine.
Hyoscyamine is present in all parts of the plant, refering to Plants of the
Gods by Albert Hofmann and Richard Evans Shultes the alkaloid content seems
to be 0.4% in the leaves, 0.5% in the roots and 0.8% in the seeds. The same
active principles are also contained in the plants of the Datura family,
Henbane, Mandrake and Brugmansia although usually the main active principle
is Scopolamine.

EFFECTS:

The reason why witches used Belladonna is very simple, Belladonna like most
plants of the Nightshade family isn't really an hallucinogen, it's more a
delirant. It happens that people under the effect of Tropane alkaloids speak
to people who don't exists or smoke cigarettes which aren't real. You loose
completely the contact with reality but you think everything is allright. 
An interesting thing about the effects is that most people dont remember
anything from they're trip when they come back to reality. The effects
were described above, delirium is the most correct expression to explain
them.

DANGERS:

There are also several reports of accidental and purposeful poisoning
associated with Belladonna. Belladonna produces cherry like fruits which have
a very good taste, some childrens were poisoned because they've eaten the
fruits. I really suggest to not use Belladonna as a recreational drug, the
risk of being poisoned is very high and the effects aren't at all pleasant.
I've heard from many people who used plants of the nightshade family, mostly
Datura, the only person I know who told me the trip was pleasant was also the
only one I know who used 'succesfully, Belladonna fruits. He told me that the
experience was really intense but not very unpleasant. It is reported that
for children doses of four cherry's may be lethal, for adults the LD-50 is
reported to be 10-12 cherrys. I really don't know if this information is
correct, the person who toke the berries toke 7 of them and he thinks that
you won't get much an effect going under this dose (beside hearth racing).
However the alkaloid content varies widely from plant to plant. Never use the
roots of Belladonna, they contain the very poisonous Apoatropine.

SOURCES:

Finding Belladona isn't a problem at least for me, it grows wild in many
places I know. If Belladonna doesn't grow wild where you live you can buy
seeds from the Hexechessel.





BANISTERIOPSIS CAAPI - Malpighiaceae (Ayahuasca/Caapi)
--------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

The ritual drink is called Ayahuasca and is used in country's like Brazil
(where it is legal). The Indians believe that Ayahuasca is able to free the
soul from corporeal confinement, allowing it to wander free and return to the
body at will. Ayahuasca has many native names: Caapi, Da'pa, Mihi, Kahi,
Natema, Pinde', Yaje'. There are also different plants used for Ayahuasca,
the most importants are of course Banisteriopsis caapi and Banisteriopsis
inebrians. Other species which are apparently used locally for the preparation
of Ayahuasca include: Banisteriopsis quitensis, Mascagnia glandulifera,
Mascagnia psilophylla, Tetrapteris methystica and Tetrapteris muconata.
All of these plants are large forest lianas of the same family. B.caapi
and B.inebrians are frequently cultivated for their psychoactive uses.
Some of the plants which are added to the B.caapi include: the leaves
of Banisteriopsis rusbyana and of the rubiaceous Psychotria carthaginensis
or Psychotria viridis. Among the many plants employed there is also
Tobacco.

The natives have different names for the different 'kinds, of Ayahuasca,
unfortunately it's very hard to understand how they define a kind. Some
kinds differ in age of the plant, some differ in the parts of the plant
used and others are just completely different plants. Some of the different
kinds include: Kahi-Ria'ma, the strongest, produces auditory hallucinations
and announces future events. It is said to cause death if improperly
employed. The second strongest, Me'ne'-Kahi'-Ma', reputedly causes visions
of green snakes. The bark is used, and it is also said to cause death,
unless cautiously taken. These two 'kinds, may not belong to the
Banisteriopsis family. The third in strenght is called Sua'na-Kahi'ma',
producing visions in red. Kahi-Vai' Bucura-Rijoma' causes monkeys to
hallucinate and howl. The weakest of the hallucinogenic 'kinds, of Kahi
has little effect but is used in the drink to help the Me'ne'-Kahi'-Ma'.

There are also reports of B.caapi being consumed as a snuff, unfortunately
I don't know any details.

USAGE:

The active part of Caapi is the bark, all other parts unfortunately seem to
be inactive, the bark is chewed or consumed as tea after boiling the bark
for several hours. I don't know if B.caapi is worth the bother, you can get
the contained Harmine from much easier to obtain Peganum harmala seeds but
the descriptions of the effects are very impressive, I've never heard such
things from P.harmala. I was able to steal a single leaf for my psychoactive
plants collection from Kew Gardens in London, unfortunately they had only a
very small shrub. Using B.caapi shouldn't be dangerous, if you get some bark
just try to boil it. My references say that the natives use a 4oz cup of tea,
unexperienced people should start with 1/4 of this heavy dose. Harmine may
also be used in conjunction with other drugs, it works very well with drugs
of the Tryptamine family like Psilocybine, LSD, DMT, and many others, it
seems to change the type of the experience.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Banisteriopsis like A.Peregrina, Peganum harmala and other plants contains
various Beta Carbolines, the most important is Harmine. Banisteriopsis may
be used alone for his psychoactive properties, but usually it's used in
conjunction with other DMT containing plants. Since DMT isn't active taken
orally alone it has to be potentiated through the Harmine.

EFFECTS:

Frequently the Indians see overpowering attacks of huge snakes or jaguars.
The repetitiveness with which snakes and jaguars occur in Ayahuasca visions
has intrigued psychologists.

DANGERS:

This plant usually produces nausea, dizziness,
vomiting, and leads to either an euphoric or an aggresive state.

SOURCES:

Finding B.caapi isn't very easy, I know that both of the Jungle and Horus
Botanicals seasonally offer live root cuttings.





BOLETUS MANICUS HEIM - Boletaceae (Nonda)
--------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

Several species of this mushroom are reported to be psychoactive, they are
involved in the curious 'mushroom madness, of the Kuma in New Guinea. This
mushroom is called Nonda by the natives.

USAGE:

If you want to try start with a very small dosage, unfortunately there
is a big problem with mushrooms. You can have a mushroom poisoning from some
mushroom of the Amanita family and you will be OK for 3 days after ingesting,
when you became aware you were poisoned it's too late. So start with very
small quantities and wait a week between each trial. This procedure would
be save with any new drug.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Not yet known.

EFFECTS:

Unfortunately no reports available.

DANGERS:

Boletus has some toxicity, I don't know how much, we don't know a lot about
this mushroom at all. I wouldn't try it since too few is known about this
drug.

SOURCES:

I can tell you that I'm sure some species of Boletus are growing here in
Switzerland (and probably all around the world), but I don't know exactly
which species, and the toxicity may differ greatly.





BRUGMANSIA AUREA - Solanaceae (Tree Datura/Floripondio)
----------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

Brugmansia is closely related to the Datura species, several different
species of Brugmansia are used ritually for intoxication but only if
no other plants are available or if they don't produce the desired effect.
Beside Brugmansia aurea also Brugmansia arborea, Brugmansia sanguinea,
Brugmansia suaveolens and Brugmansia versicolor are ritually employed.

USAGE:

The leaves may be smoked but I suspect this (like with Datura) wouldn't have
any big effect, this is fairly save, if you have Brugmansia try. The ritual
way is brewing a tea, sometimes small amounts of seeds are pulverized and
mixed in beverages.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

The active principles are the same as in Datura and Belladonna, mainly
Scopolamine, Atropine and Hyoascyamine, and various secondary alkaloids of
the Tropane group such as: Norscopolamine, Aposcopolamine, Meteloidine and
many others. The alkaloid content in the leaves and stems of Brugmansia aurea
is approx. 0.3 percent, of which 80 percent are Scopolamine.

EFFECTS:

Very similar to Belladonna, Datura, Henbane and Mandragora. Mainly delirium
with very real looking hallucinations.

DANGERS:

Like Datura this plant should never be used recreationally. Datura is a very
dangerous plant, many people died from overdosing, if Datura is dangerous
Brugmansia is deadly. The shamans use it only as last resort if
Banisteriopsis and other plants aren't powerful enough! This plant, like
Datura is a delirant, it's not a psychedelic, if you don't know somebody who
has already tried it succesfully dont try, it's dangerous.

SOURCES:

You may find some species of Brugmansia in your local gardens, entire
plants of Brugmansia may also be ordered from Horus Botanicals.
Of the Jungle also ships several species of Brugmansia, rooted cuttings
and seeds are available. The Hexechessel also sells seeds of various
Brugmansia species.





BRUNFELSIA GRANDIFLORA - Solanaceae (Chiricaspi)
----------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

Several species of Brunfelsia seemingly have had roles as hallucinogens
in the Colombian, Ecuadorian, and Peruvian Amazon. A substance called
This plant is known as Borrachero to the Colombian Indians, its known
as Chiricaspi in the western part of Amazonia (Colombia,Ecuador,Peru).
Brunfelsia is also one of the plants added to Ayahuasca (see Banisteriopsis
Caapi), Ayahuasca is basically prepared from Banisteriopsis, Brunfelsia
is said to heighten its effects.

USAGE:

Brunfelsia is added to the Ayahuasca drink. You may try to brew a tea or
chew the leaves. Very little is known about the preparation of this plant.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

A substance called Scopoletine was found in Brunfelsia, unfortunately this
substance doesn't seem to be psychoactive.

EFFECTS:

A sensation of chills follows ingestion, an effect which has given rise
to the name Chiricaspi ('cold tree,). If you're interested in this plant

DANGERS:

Not known, start with small doses.

SOURCES:

If you're interested in this plant you can obtain living plants from
of the Jungle. 





CACALIA CORDIFOLIA - Compositae (Matwu')
------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

Not very much is known about this plant, beside Plants of the Gods none of my
references contains information about Cacalia. This and several other species
of Cacalia have been referred to in parts of Mexico as Peyote and may
possibly have once been employed for hallucinatory purposes. Cacalia is
considered an aphrodisiac and cure for sterility in Mexico.

USAGE:

Preparation is not known.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

One alkaloid was isolated from the plant, unfortunately there is no
evidence of hallucinogenic properties. If you know anything else about this
plant please let me know.

EFFECTS:

Unfortunately no reports available.

DANGERS:

Not known, start with small doses.

SOURCES:

I can't tell you where to obtain this plant, I suppose its difficult. Maybe
of the Jungle, sells it but it wasn't listed in my catalog.





CAESALPINIA SEPIARIA - Leguminosae (Yuen-Shin)
--------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

This plant was reputedly used in China as hallucinogen, this is nearly
all we know about this plant. 'Plants of the Gods, is my only reference
on this plant, the roots, seeds and flowers are valued for their medicinal
properties.

USAGE:

Flowers are used, exact preparation is not known.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

An alkaloid of unknown structure has been reported from Caesalpina Sepiaria.

EFFECTS:

The earliest chines herbal doctor stated that the 'flowers could enable one
to see spirits and, when taken in excess, cause one to stagger madly,. If
consumed over a long period, they produce levitation and 'communication with
the spirits,.

DANGERS:

Not known, start with small doses.

SOURCES:

Unfortunately none known.





CALEA ZACATECHICHI - Compositae (Zacatechichi)
------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

This plant is known in Mexico as 'Bitter Grass, (Zacatechichi), this plant
occurring from Mexico to Costa Rica has been extremely important in folk
medicine especially as an aperitif, a febrifuge and an astringent for
treating diarrhea. Zacatechichi has also been valued as insecticide.
Calea seems to be ritually used by the Chontal Indians of Oaxaca, they're
reported to take a tea of the crushed and dried leaves as an hallucinogen.
After drinking Zacatechichi, the Indians recline quietly to smoke a cigarette
of the dried leaves. The Chontal Indians call the plant Thle-Pelakano or
'leaf of god,.

USAGE:

The recommended usage for Calea is to take 1oz (28g) of dried and crushed
leaves and steep it in 1 pint (5,7dl) of water. The resulting tea is drunk
slowly, the substances may also be extracted in alcohol. To increase the
effects a cigarette of the dried leaves can be smoked.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Unfortunately no constituent with hallucinogenic properties has as yet been
isolated from Calea Zacatechichi. A germacranolid called Caleicine, the
p-hydroxycinnamide ester of junenol, was isolated from a sample of Calea
Zacatechichi taken from the state of Veracruz. Also other substances with the
basic structure of Caleicine have been isolated from the active, as well as
the inactive plants provided by the Chontal curandero. Independently Bohlmann
and Zdero (1977) have reported two new germacranolids in Calea Zacatechichi.
It should be mentioned that these molecules are terpenes, very volatile
substances which never crystallize.

EFFECTS:

The plant is reported to produce visual and auditory hallucinations and is
believed to clarify the senses. The plant is also said to produce restful and
drowsy conditions during which the hearth and pulse can be felt. Jose Luis
Diaz lists Calea Zacatechichi, Salvia Divinorum and Cannabis Sativa as
cognodysleptics in his article 'Ethnopharmacology and Taxanomy of Mexican
Psychodysleptic Plants,. The effects of Calea tested on five subjects after
several inhalations and the administration of an infusion with high doses
included: sensations of well-being and light-headedness, difficulty in
bringing events to mind, somnolence, and an intensification of visual
imagery, but only with the eyes closed. Diaz also mentions that there seem to
be two varieties (possibly separate species) of this plant. One is
psychoactive and the other apparently is not. Calea seems to also affect
dreaming, some people report increased dreams while others report lucid
dreams.

DANGERS:

This plant seems to be very safe, if you get some of the stuff just try it.

SOURCES:

Calea seeds or (only in fall) dried leaves can both be ordered from Horus
Botanicals. You could also buy it in the market place of Oaxaca in Mexico.





CALLIANDRA ANOMALA - Leguminosae (Cabeza de Angel)
------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

The sap is used by Central American Indians as a stimulant.

USAGE:

An incision is made in the bark, the resins are collected after several days,
dried, pulverized, mixed with ash and finally snuffed.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Not yet indentified.

EFFECTS:

Sleep inducing, hypnotic.

DANGERS:

No dangers known.

SOURCES:

Horus Botanicals sells seeds of C.anomala.





CAMELLIA SINENSIS - ? (Tea)
-----------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

The tea shrub originated in India and China. Today its cultivated almost
everywhere in the South of Asia.

USAGE:

The young leaves are picked, if they are directly dried the result is Green
Tea, this tea is drunk in Japan and China. If the picked leaves are fermented
the result is Black Tea. 

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Tea contains both Caffeine and Theophylline.

EFFECTS:

Both active substances are stimulants, Theophylline is also used to treat
Asthma. The onset of the effects is slower than with coffee, although the
effects last longer.

DANGERS:

None known from moderate use.

SOURCES:

Horus Botanicals sells seeds of C.sinensis.





CANAVALIA MARITIMA - Leguminosae (Frijol de Playa)
------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

Canavalia Maritima is another very interesting plant on which more research
has to been done. Canavalia is smoked on the Gulf Coast of Mexico as
Marijuana substitute. Hemp is one of the best drugs known to man a (legal)
plant with similar properties would be very useful. L-Betonicine has been
There is also no record of its use in primitive societies as a sacred
hallucinogen, although seeds have been found in graves in Oaxaca and Yucatan,
Mexico and in Peru, in sites dating from 300 B.C. to A.D. 900.

USAGE:

The plant is smoked.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

L-Betonicine has been isolated from C.maritima, unfortunately there is no
evidence that this compound is hallucinogen.

EFFECTS:

The effects are reported to be similar to those of Marijuana.

DANGERS:

I think personal experimentation with this plant would prove as very useful,
there should be no danger.

SOURCES:

If you're interested you can order seeds from Horus Botanicals, give it a try
and send me your reports. If you know anything more about these interesting
plant please contact me.





CANNABIS SATIVA - Cannabaceae (Marijuana/Ganja)
---------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

In the past editions the section on Cannabis was related only on its seeds,
unfortunately like mentioned in the previous releases the seeds don't
contain THC, although there are reports of Cannabis seeds used for
intoxication in Baudelaires 'Artificial Paradises,. I will not write much
about this plant since there are books dedicated entirely to Cannabis.

USAGE:

The buds of the female plants are smoked or consumed orally.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Mainly Delta9-THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol). The high is also influenced by
other substances like CBD, CBN, THCV and others.

EFFECTS:

Should be well known, the most pronounced effect is euphoria following the
ingestion/inhalation.

DANGERS:

No dangers known - absolutely save plant!

SOURCES:

Unfortunately till now Cannabis is illegal in most countries. You would
have to grow your own (illegally).






CARNEGIA GIGANTEA - Cactaceae (Saguaro)
-----------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

Usually we have reports of plants used ritually as hallucinogens but we
dont't know their active principles. Carnegia Gigantea is a cactus which
isn't reported to be used for intoxication but it contains pharmacologically
active alkaloids capable of psychoactivity. Although there are no reports of
Saguaro as an hallucinogen, the plant is very important as medicine in many
Indian tribes. The Seri Indians of Sonora consider Saguaro efficacious
against rheumatism. The fruit of Carnegia is valued as food and in winemaking.

USAGE:

Not known, probably the cactus may be chewed or brewed as tea.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Carnegine, 5-Hydroxycarnegine plus trace amounts of 3-methoxytyramine and the
new alkaloid Arizonine (a tetrahydroquinoline base) have been isolated from
Saguaro.

EFFECTS:

Experimentation with this cactii is necessary. Fortunately Carnegia is one of
the faster growing cactus. Probably the effects are similar to those of
Mescaline.

DANGERS:

Not known, start with small doses.

SOURCES:

Horus Botanicals sells seeds of Carnegia, it may be worth trying.





CATHA EDULIS - Celastraceae (Khat)
------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

Kath is ritual north african stimulating drug, its use is most common in
Jemen.

USAGE:

The fresh leaves are chewed, sometimes a tea is brewed.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Cathinone, Cathine and other related compounds.

EFFECTS:

Stimulation, mental clarity, mild euphoria, inhibition of appetite, after
some hours drowsiness, sleep and depression are experienced.

DANGERS:

Prolonged use may result in cardiac diseases, appetite loss and habituation.

SOURCES:

Horus Botanicals sells plants of Catha edulis. Please note that the active
principle (Cathinone) is illegal in most countries while the plant is still
legally available.





CATHARANTHUS ROSEUS - Apocynaceae (Madagaska Periwinkle)
-------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

Leaves are smoked by African natives.

USAGE:

The dried leaves are smoked.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Indole alkaloids similar to Ibogaine: Akuammine, Catahrosine, Vindoline,
Vincristine, Vinblastine, Vincamine.

EFFECTS:

Euphoria and hallucinations.

DANGERS:

Causes immediate reduction of white corpuscles, prolonged use causes itching
and burning skin, hair loss and degeneration of muscle tissue. Use is
absolutely not recommended.

SOURCES:

Horus Botanicals sells both seeds and dried leaves of C.roseus.





CESTRUM LAEVIGATUM - Solanaceae (Dama de Noite)
------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

The leaves of this plant are smoked by seafaring people along the coastal
regions of southern Brazil as a substitute for Marijuana.

USAGE:

The plant material is smoked.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Wheter or not its effects are truly hallucinogenic is not clear. The
unripened fruits of Cestrum Laevigatum contain saponines which, upon
hydrolysis, yield gitogenin and digitogenin. The leaves and flowers also
contain saponines, unfortunately these particular constituents are not known
to be hallucinogenic.

EFFECTS:

Reported to be similar to those of Marijuana. Personal experimentation has to
be done, a cheap (and legal) substitute for Marijuana would be a very useful
thing.

DANGERS:

Probably very safe since the plant material is smoked.

SOURCES:

Cestrum Laevigatum seeds and dried leaves may be ordered from Horus
Botanicals. 

If you have any additional information or personal expierence with this plant
please contact me.





CLAVICEPS PURPUREA - Hypocreaceae (Ergot/St. Anthony's Fire)
------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

Ergot isn't really a drug itself, there is no way you could get high from
Ergot. In the Middle Ages and earlier in Europe, especially where Rye was
used in bread-making, whole areas frequently were poisoned, suffering plagues
of ergotism, when fungus-infected Rye kernels were milled into flour.
Although the half-dozen or so species of the Ergot genus are widespread
in temperate climates, the purposeful hallucinogenic use of the fungus
seems to have been associated with the Eleusinian Mysteries. Ergot frequently
caused mass poisonings with attendant hallucinatory attacks, but this
parasite on cereals was never intentionally used to induce visionary
hallucinations in Europe. There are 24 names for Ergot in Fench, 62 in German,
21 in Dutch, 15 in the Scandinavian languages, 14 in Italian and seven in
English in addition to the borrowed word Ergot.

USAGE:

Not intended for consumption, too dangerous.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

The hallucinogenic principles of Ergot are indole alkaloids, all derived
from the same basic compound, Lysergic acid. Lysergic acid is the basic
substance needed for a LSD synthesis. Many of the ergot alkaloids like
Ergotamine are still employed in medicines. Ergot form wild grasses,
contains essentially simple Lysergic acid amides, Ergine and Lysergic
acid-hydroxyethylamide (found only in traces in Ergot of rye). These
psychotropic alkaloids appear to have played a role in the convulsive form
of ergotism. They are the main active principles in Ololiuqui, the
Mexican Morning Glories.

EFFECTS:

Ergot poisoning manifested himself in two forms: those with nervous
convulsions and epileptic symptoms and those with gangrene, mummififcations,
atrophy, and occasional loss of extremities like noses, ear lobes, fingers,
toes and feet. Delirium and hallucinations were common symptoms of the
intoxication, which was frequently fatal. The intoxication was always
characterized by a feeling of burning in the feet and hands.

DANGERS:

Very dangerous, should never be used.

SOURCES:

Claviceps Purpurea cultures can be ordered from the Hexechessel in Zurich if
your are interested.





COLEUS BLUMEI - Labiatae (El Nene/El Ahijado)
-------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

Two species of Coleus (Coleus Blumei and Coleus Pumilus) have ritual
significance in Mexico. Coleus is native to the Philippine Islands, two
of the 150 known Coleus species have acquired similar significance to
Salvia Divinorum in southern Mexico among the Mazatec Indians.

USAGE:

The fresh leaves must be chewed, some people tell they can also be smoked.
About 70 of the fresh leaves are needed to induce intoxication.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

No hallucinogenic principle was isolated from Coleus, it seems that dried
leaves aren't psychoactive.

EFFECTS:

The effects are similar to Psilocybine but last only approx. two hours and
are very mild.

DANGERS:

None known, probably a very safe plant.

SOURCES:

Since Coleus is a very common house plant it may be worth trying. You can
order seeds from the Hexechessel in Zurich.





CONOCYBE CYANOPUS - Agaricaceae
-----------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

Conocybe Siligineoides has been reported as one of the sacred intoxicating 
mushrooms of Mexico.

USAGE:

The mushrooms are eaten, the needed dosage is not known.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Unfortunately Psilocybine has not as yet been isolated from this species.
Psilocybine was isolated from Conocybe cyanopus of the United States,
although this species has never been ritually employed it is
pharmacologically psychoactive.

EFFECTS:

Reported to be similar to those of Psilocybine.

DANGERS:

Not known, start with small doses.

SOURCES:

Unfortunately I have very little information about hallucinogenic mushrooms
of the Conocybe family. It may be that both Conocybe cyanopus and Conocybe
siligineoides are psychoactive, if you know more about these mushrooms or if
you know where to order spores let me know. It would be especially
interesting to know if Conocybe cyanopus grows also in Europe, it is very
well possible that several psychedelic species of Conocybe grow in Europe.
Conocybe cyanopus is considered cosmopolitan and should grow also at our
latitudes.






COPELANDIA CYANESCENS - Coprinaceae
---------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

It has been reported than Copelandia is cultivated in Bali on cow and
buffalo dung for use in native festivals. Probably its also sold to foreign
travellers in the region as an hallucinogen. Although this mushroom is
primarily tropical, the discovery that it is psilocybine containing was
made on material collected in a garden in France. Some mycologists classify
Copelandia cyanescens as a species of Panaeolus.

USAGE:

Based on the Psilocybine and Psilocine content reported by my references
I suspect that less than 1 gram of the fresh mushroom is needed.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

There is a big lack of research about this mushroom, Hofmann and Shultes
substain that up to 1.2% of Psilocybine and 0.6% of Psilocine. This would
mean that its one of the most powerful known Psilocybine mushroom.

EFFECTS:

The effects of Psilocybine are well known, they may be compared to those
of Mescaline and LSD although the trip ends after approx. 6 hours.

DANGERS:

None known, they should be very safe.

SOURCES:

It may be worth trying to cultivate this mushroom, the Hexechessel in Zurich
sells spores.





CORIARIA THYMIFOLIA - Coriariaceae (Shansi)
-------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

This shrub adorns the highways in the highest Andes from Colombia to Chile.
Very little is known about Coriaria, some tribes regard it as toxic while
others use it ritually. Other species like C.japonica and C.muscifolia may
also be psychoactive.

USAGE:

I would not suggest to try this plant due to its toxic nature.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

The active principles are Cathecolic compounds and Sesquiterpenes:
Coriamyrtine, Coriatine, Tutine and Pseudotutine. The active principles are
contained both in the leaves and in the berries.

EFFECTS:

Due to a report from Ecuador the plant produces stimulation, hallucinations
and a sensation of flight. If taken in overdose it may induce stupor, coma

DANGERS:

If taken in overdose it may induce stupor, coma and convulsions. Human deaths
have followed the ingestion of the fruits.

SOURCES:

Unfortunately none known.





CORYPHANTA MACROMERIS - Cactaceae (Donana)
---------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

C.macromeris is valued as medicine among a lot of Indian tribes.

USAGE:

In order to eat the cactus the spines are removed and 8-12 of the fresh or
dried cactiis are eaten on an empty stomach. They may be chewed or crushed 
and brewed for 1 hour as tea. One of my references says that approx. 1
kilogram of dried cactiis are needed in order to produce a psychoactive
effect. The same reference suggests to perform an extraction. I really wonder
why some reference says that 10 cactiis are needed and another says that a
kilogram is needed.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

The active principle is Macromerine (L-alpha-3,4-dimethoxyphenyl-beta-
dimethylaminoethanol), a substance with approx. 1/5 the gram potency of
Mescaline. Coryphanta also contains trace amounts of: Normacromerine,
N-formylnormacromerine, Tyramine, N-methyltyramine, Hordenine,
N-methyl-3,4-dimethoxy-B-phenethylamin, Metanephrin and Synephrin.

Other species of Coryphanta which contain Macromerine are: C.compacta,
C.pectinada, C.elephantideus, C.runyonii, C.cornifera var. echineus.
Species which contain the other minor alkaloids are: C.cornifera,
C.durangensis, C.ottonis, C.poselgeriana and C.ramillosa.
Other species of Coryphanta have also been reported as hallucinogens, for
example C.palmerii.

EFFECTS:

The effects are reported to be very similar to those of Mescaline.
Macromerine is a legal substances in most countries.

DANGERS:

This substance should not be taken in high doses along with strong MAOI's.
No other dangers are known.

SOURCES:

Of the Jungle sells seeds of Coryphanta macromeris. The Hexechessel has a big
selection of Coryphanta seeds, including most mentioned species.





CYMBOPOGON DENSIFLORUS - Graminae (Esakuna)
----------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

Unfortunately my only reference about this plant is 'Plants of the Gods,.
In Tanganyika the native medicine men smoke the flowers of Cymbopogon
densiflorus alone or with tobacco to cause dreams which they believe
foretell the future. The leaves have a pleasant citron aroma. Unfortunately
very little is known about this interesting perennial grass which grows in
Gabon, the Congo and Nyasaland. 

USAGE:

The flowers are smoked to induce intoxication.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Not yet known.

EFFECTS:

Reported to cause dreams.

DANGERS:

Not known, although since the flowers are smoked it should be pretty safe.

SOURCES:

The Hexechessel sells seeds of various Cymbopogon species but not Cymbopogon
densiflorus, I don't know if the other species are psychoactive.





CYTISUS CANARIENSIS - Leguminosae (Genista/Canary Island Broom)
-------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

Genista was introduced to Mexico from the Old World, where it has no record
of use as an hallucinogen. It apparently has acquired magical use among the
Yaqui Indians of northern Mexico. The medicine men value the seed as an
hallucinogen. Not only Cytisus canariensis is used for its psychoactive
properties, C.scoparius (Scotch Broom) and Spartium junceum (Spanish Broom)
are also used.

USAGE:

The flowers are aged for 10 days in a closed container (fermentation) and
are then smoked. Even if the seeds are valued for their intoxicating
properties I wouldn't suggest to use them because they are too dangerous.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Cytisine, a toxice pyridine was isolated from Cytisus canariensis,
unfortunately Cytisine is not psychoactive. Sparteine was also isolated.

EFFECTS:

Smoking a cigarette with one gram of dried flowers produces a relaxed feeling
lasting approx. 2 hours, sometimes euphoria is also present. Smoking more
produces a longer lasting effect.

DANGERS:

Smoking is pretty safe, sometime light headaches are reported immediately 
after smoking. Ingestion however may be very dangerous, 40mg of Cytisine
may be deadly for an human.

SOURCES:

The Hexechessel sells plants of C.scoparius, Horus Botanicals has seeds
of various Cytisus species including C.Canariensis. Its also found in parks
and gardens.





DATURA CERATOCAULA - Solanaceae (Torna Loco)
------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

The New World has many more species of Datura than the Old and their use as
sacred hallucinogens appears to be much more intensive. D.Ceratocaula is
a Mexican aquatic species of Datura. Its considered as 'Sister of Ololiuqui,
by the Aztecs. Torna Loco means 'maddening plant,.

USAGE:

Leaves and seeds may be brewed as tea or smoked. The safest way is to smoke
the pulverized seeds.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

The active principles are the same as in other Datura species: Scopolamine,
Hyoscyamine and Atropine. However D.Ceratocaula seems to be stronger than
the other Daturas.

EFFECTS:

The effects are similar to Belladonna, Henbane, Mandragora and Brugmansia.
Mainly Delirium with visual and acoustic hallucinations. See also Datura
Inoxia.

DANGERS:

This plant is very dangerous, I know people who nearly died from Datura.
I suggest to not try this plant, smoking the leaves is safe but I don't know
if it will produce any interesting effect.

SOURCES:

Unfortunately I don't know where to obtain this rare aquatic species.





DATURA INOXIA - Solanaceae (Jimson Weed/Toloache)
-------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

There are probably 20-25 species of different Daturas, all of them are
hallucinogenic. In India seeds of D.inoxia are added to Ganja (Cannabis)
to improve the effect. Datura inoxia (like Belladonna) was also an ingredient
of the witches' brews of medieval Europe. The tarahumara Indians add D.inoxia
to a maize drink, they use the roots, seeds and leaves. The Zuni chew the
roots and put powder prepared from them in the eyes. Among the Yokut the
seeds are said to be taken only once during a man's lifetime. Scopolamine
was also used by the government as a truth drug.

USAGE:

The plant may be smoked or brewed as tea, the seeds may also be pulverized
and ingested. I would suggest to try smoking the seeds, since they are the
most powerful part of the plant probably they are psychoactive even if
smoked. The leaves of Datura are also smoked to cure Asthma.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

The same as in Belladonna, Henbane, Mandragora and Brugmansia: Scopolamine,
Hyoscyamine and Atropine.

EFFECTS:

Mental confusion, colorful hallucinations, psychic excitation and panic
usually followed by narcosis (very deep sleep).
A very impressive description of the Datura effects may be found in Carlos
Castanedas first book ('A Yaqui way of Wisdom,).

DANGERS:

Smoking is pretty safe however ingestion is highly dangerous and not
suggested. If you have hearth problems all plants containing tropane
alkaloids (Scopolamine, Hyoscyamine and Atropine) are even more dangerous
for your health.

SOURCES:

The Hexechessel sells seeds of Datura Inoxia along with a lot of other
Datura Species.





DATURA METEL - Solanaceae (Dutra)
------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

D.metel is the most important Datura of the Old World, an Asiatic Datura
(D.ferox) was also used to lesser extent. D.metel is probably native to
the mountains of Pakistan. Its mentioned as hallucinogenic plant also in
early Sanskrit and Chinese writings. Ritually powdered seeds were added
to wine, to Cannabis cigarettes and sometimes to the Betel chew.

USAGE:

Like other Daturas.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Scopolamine, Hyoscyamine and Atropine like in all related species.

EFFECTS:

Like other Daturas (see Datura Inoxia).

DANGERS:

Very dangerous, I would not suggest to try it.

SOURCES:

The Hexechessel sells seeds of Datura metel.





DESFONTAINIA SPINOSA - Desfontainiaceae (Taique/Borrachero)
--------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

One of the least known Andean plants, Desfontainia spinosa is sometimes
assigned to a different family: Loganiaceae or Potaliaceae. Botanists are
not in agreement as to the number of species in the genus. It has been
reported as an hallucinogen from Chile and southern Colombia. Colombian
shamans use it to diagnose disease or 'to dream,.

USAGE:

A tea of the leaves is brewed.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Nothing is as yet known of the chemical constituents of Desfontainia.

EFFECTS:

Visions are experienced and some medicine men assert that they 'go crazy,
under its influence.

DANGERS:

Use not recommended since too few is known about this plant.

SOURCES:

Unfortunately none known.





ECHINOCEREUS TRIGLOCHIDIATUS - Cactaceae (Pitallito/Hikuri)
----------------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

The Tarahumara Indians consider both E.Triglochidiatus and E.salmdyckianus
a so-called false Peyote.

USAGE:

Probably the cactus is chewed or brewed as tea however we have no reports
of its exact usage.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

A tryptamine derivate has been reported.

EFFECTS:

We have no reports of its effects, they may differ from those of Mescaline
since the active principle is a tryptamine.

DANGERS:

Little is known about this cactus, start with low doses.

SOURCES:

The Hexechessel sells seeds of various Echinocereus species, Horus Botanicals
also sells seeds of two Echinocereus species.





EPITHELANTHA MICROMERIS - Cactaceae (Hikuli Mulato/Hikuli Rosapara)
-----------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

This cactus is another so-called false Peyote of the Tarahumara Indians.
Medicine men take Hikuli Mulato to make their sight clearer and permit them
to commune with sorcerers. It is taken by runners as stimulant and
'protector,. The Indians also believe it prolongs life. Some botanists
consider E.Micromeris a cactus of the species Mamillaria micromeris in a
later phase of his life.

USAGE:

Exact preparation is not known, probably the cactus may be chewed or brewed
as tea.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Alkaloids and triterpenes have been reported.

EFFECTS:

Unfortunately we have no reports, they may be similar to mescaline since its
a false Peyote however there was no mescaline reported.

DANGERS:

We know very little about this cactus, start with low doses.

SOURCES:





ERYTHRINA AMERICANA - Leguminosae (Colorines/Chilicote)
-------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

Tzompanquahuitl of the ancient Aztecs may have been Erythrina coralliodes,
the seeds of which have been employed as a medicine and hallucinogen.
The Tarahumara indians use the beans of E.flabelliformis as a medicine of
many uses. In Guatemala the beans are used for divination.

USAGE:

Probably 1/4 - 1/2 of the seeds are chewed and swallowed.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Not exactly identified, probably a poison.

EFFECTS:

Reported to be stupor and hallucinations.

DANGERS:

Colorines are highly toxic, the usage is not recommended.

SOURCES:

The Hexechessel sells seeds of a Erythrina species.





GALBULIMIMA BELGRAVEANA - Himantandraceae (Agara)
-----------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

This large rainforest tree is found in Queensland and New Guinea, it is
most commonly found growing from 1200 to 2700 meters. Its used ritually only
by New Guineans who use it as a pre battle hallucinogen. It was never used
by the Australian Aboriginees. The natives of Papua also use the bark and the
leaves of this tree to induce intoxication. Sometimes G.Belgraveana is used
along with Homalomena lauterbachii.

USAGE:

The bark and leaves are boiled along with a species of Homalomena to prepare
a drink which causes intoxication.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Twenty-eight different alkaloids including himandrine, himbacine, himgravine,
himbosine and himbadine have been isolated. Unfortunately none of these
twenty-eight compounds is reported to be psychoactive.

EFFECTS:

Intoxication and hallucinations followed by extreme drowsiness.

DANGERS:

Not known, start with low doses.

SOURCES:

Unfortunately none known.





GAULTHERIA PROCUMBENS - Ericaceae (Uva Camarona)
---------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

An unidentified species of Gaultheria has been reported as an hallucinogen
in Andean Peru. Some species are reputedly toxic and others find use in
native folk medicine.

USAGE:

Not yet known.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

No chemical constituents with hallucinogenic properties have been reported
from Gaultheria.

EFFECTS:

Not yet known.

DANGERS:

Since nearly nothing is known about this plant I don't recommend its use.
If you have more informations please inform me.

SOURCES:

Unfortunately none known.





GOMORTEGA KEULE - Gomortegaceae (Keule)
---------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

The Mapuche Indians value the fruit of G.keule as a narcotic. This small tree
grows only in central Chile.

USAGE:

Eating the fruit.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

The freuit ist extremely rich in essential oils, however no chemical studies
have been carried out on Gomortega.

EFFECTS:

Not yet known.

DANGERS:

I don't suggest the use of this plant since too little is known about.
If you want try start with low doses.

SOURCES:

Unfortunately none known.





HEIMIA SALICIFOLIA - Lythraceae (Sinicuichi)
------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

Three species of this genus play an important role in folk medicine.

USAGE:

Plucked leaves are allowed to wilt slightly, are crushed in water, permitted
to ferment for 1 day in the sun, and drunk. If fresh herb is not available
dried material may be steeped in hot water and allowed to sit in the sun for
one day. Ten grams of dried herb or the equivalent of fresh leaves are
suggested as starting dose.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Cryogenine (1-carbamyl-2-phenylhydrazine)

EFFECTS:

Pleasant drowsiness, skeletal muscle relaxation, slowing of heartbeat, slight
reduction of blood pressure, mild intoxication and giddiness, darkening of
vision, auditory hallucinations (sounds seem distant) and increased memory
function.

DANGERS:

Although it is believed that excessive use of H.salicifolia may be physically
harmful there are usually no uncomfortable after-effects.

SOURCES:

Horus Botanicals, Of the Jungle and the Hexechessel all sell seeds of
H.salicifolia.





HEIMIELLA ANGRIEFORMIS - Boletaceae (Nonda Mbolbe)
----------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

This and the closely related species H.retispora are believed to be involved
in the group 'mushroom madness, of the Kuma people of New Guinea.

USAGE:

Unfortunately not yet known.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Nothing is yet known of the chemical constitution of this genus.

EFFECTS:

Unfortunately not yet known.

DANGERS:

Use is not recommended, we know too little about this little mushroom.

SOURCES:

Unfortunately none known.





HELICHRYSUM FOETIDUM - Compositae (Straw Flower)
--------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

Two species are used by witch doctors in Zululand 'fore inhaling to induce
trances,.

USAGE:

It is presumed that the plants are smoked for the effects.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Coumarin and diterpenes are reported, but no constituents with
hallucinogenic properties have been isolated.

EFFECTS:

Trance is reported to be induced.

DANGERS:

Not exactly known, probably fairly save since the method of administration
is inhalation.

SOURCES:

The Hexechessel sells one related species of Helichrysum.





HELICOSTYLIS PEDUNCULATA - Moracae (Takini)
------------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

Takini is a sacred tree of the Guianas. H.tomentosa is also used for its
intoxicating properties. The related genera Brosimum and Piratinera have also
been suggested as sources of Takini.

USAGE:

From the red 'sap, of the bark a mildly poisonous intoxicant is prepared.
The exact procedure is not reported. Probably a simple alcohol extraction
from the bark would produce a psychoactive extract.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

No specific hallucinogenic constituents have been identified.

EFFECTS:

Extracts from the inner bark of these two trees have been shown
pharmacologically to elicit central nervous system (CNS) depressant effects
similar to those produced by Cannabis sativa.

DANGERS:

Not yet known, start with low doses of bark extract.

SOURCES:

Unfortunately none known.





HOMALOMENA LAUTERBACHII - Araceae (Ereriba)
-----------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

The natives of Papua New Guinea are said to use this plant for intoxication.
The rhizomes have a number of uses in folk medicine, especially for the
treatment of skin problems. In Malaya an unspecified part of a species was
an ingredient of an arrow poison.

USAGE:

The natives of Papua are said to eat the leaves of a species of Homalomena
with the leaves and bark of Galbulimima belgraveana.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

The chemistry of this group of plants has not yet disclosed any
hallucinogenic principle.

DANGERS:

Not exactly known, if you want to try start with low doses.

EFFECTS:

In conjunction with Galbulimima belgraveana its said to induce a violent
condition ending in slumber, during which visions are experienced.

SOURCES:

Unfortunately none known.





HYOSCYAMUS NIGER - Solanaceae (Henbane)
----------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

In the Middle Ages, Hyoscyamus niger was employed in Europe as an ingredient
of many of the witches' brews and ointments. This or a related species was
known to the Egyptians, who mentioned Henbane in the Ebers Papyrus in
1500 B.C. In ancient Greece and Rome, reports of 'magic drinks, indicate that
henbane frequently was an ingredient. Henbane was valued in medieval Europe
as a painkiller. It not only reduced pain but also induced oblivion. Today
leaves are smoked in India and Africa for their intoxicating effect.

USAGE:

All parts of the plant contain psychoactive alkaloids. May be consumed orally
or smoked. I suggest to smoke the seeds of H.niger, this is the safest way
and it really works with the seeds.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

The active principles in this solanaceous genus are tropane alkaloids,
especially Atropine and Scopolamine. Scopolamine in high doses is of course,
the hallucinogenic agent.

EFFECTS:

Is best described as delirium, also check out informations on all Datura
species, Atropa belladonna and Mandragora officinarum. Sometimes aggressivity
is noted during the first phase of the intoxication.  Those experiencing
intoxication with Henbane feel a pressure in the head, a sensation as if
someone were closing the eyelids by force; sight become unclear, objects are
distorted in shape, and the most unusual visual hallucinations are induced.
Gustatory and olfactory hallucinations frequently accompany the intoxication.
Eventually sleep, disturbed by dreams and hallucinations, end the
inebriation.

DANGERS:

Very dangerous, if consumed orally dead from overdose is very possible.
The only thing I would do is smoking the seeds, dont try to eat them, its
just too dangerous. This is the most powerful plant in the Solanaceae genus,
this is why also smoking works.

SOURCES:

The Hexechessel sells both plants and seeds of H.niger.





ILEX PARAGUAYENSIS - Aquifoliaceae (Mate)
------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

Ilex Paraguayensis was once a sacred plant of the Aztecs.

USAGE:

The roasted leaves are steeped in hot water an drunk. 

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Coffeine and Tannine.

EFFECTS:

Stimulant like Coffee.

DANGERS:

No undesiderable side effects reported, just remember that Coffeine is habit
forming. Long-term excessive use may cause nervousness and insomnia.

SOURCES:

Horus Botanicals sells Mate tea (dried herb), Of the Jungle sells entire
treelets. It should be no problem to find Mate tea, now its available even
in big supermarkets.





IOCHROMA FUCHSIOIDES - Solanaceae (Borrachero/Paguando)
--------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

Among the Kamsa' Indians of the Colombian Andes I.fuchsoides is taken by
medicine men for difficult diagnoses.

USAGE:

The leaves are smoked or brewed in a tea.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Not yet identified, probably Tropane Alkaloids (Scopolamine, Hyoscyamine and
Atropine).

EFFECTS:

Delirium, hallucinations, deep sleep in which visions occur. The intoxication
is reported to not be pleasant, leaving after-effects for several days.

DANGERS:

Use is not recommended, solenaceous plants are usually very dangerous.
If you want to try smoke some material, this way of administration should be
safe. Also check out the informations on Datura, Atropa belladonna,
Brugmansia aurea, Hyoscyamus niger and Mandragora officinarum.


SOURCES:

Both Of the Jungle and Horus Botanicals sell seeds of related Iochroma
species.





IPOMOEA VIOLACEA - Convolvulaceae (Morning Glory/Badoh Negro)
----------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

In Oaxaca, in southern Mexico, the seeds of this vine are esteemed as one of
the principal hallucinogens for use in divination as well as magico-religious
and curing rituals. The Chinantec and Mazatec Indians call the seeds Piule,
the Zapotecs Badoh Negro. In pre-Conquest days, the Aztecs knew them as
Tlililtzin and employed them in the same way as Ololiuqui, the seeds of
another Morning Glory, Turbina corymbosa. I.violacea is also known under the
name of I.rubrocaerulea.

USAGE:

5-10 grams are thoroughly chewed and swallowed or may be thoroughly ground
and soaked in water for 30 minutes, strained and drunk. Try to find seeds
which are not treated chemically because the chemical substances may induce
nausea.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

LSA (D-Lysergic-acid-amide) and Ergometrine.

EFFECTS:

LSD like experience lasting 6 hours, usually the trip is lighter than an
avarage LSD experience. Also check out the informations on Turbina Corymbosa.

DANGERS:

Ergometrine should absolutely not be taken by pregnant women. The most
frequent side-effect experienced is nausea at the beginning of the
experience.

SOURCES:

Of the Jungle, Horus Botanicals and the Hexechessel sell seeds of many
Ipomoea species, they should be all untreated.





JUSTICIA PECTORALIS - Acanthaceae (Mashi-Hiri)
-------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

The Waika' and other Indians of the uppermost Orinoco and the adjacent parts
of northwestern Brazil cultivate Justicia.

USAGE:

The natives mix Justicia leaves with the snuff prepared from Virola to make
the snuff 'smell better,. For this purpose the leaves are dried and
pulverized. If the active principle is a tryptamine probably it won't be
orally active.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Tryptamines have been suspected from several species of Justicia although
this needs confirmation.

EFFECTS:

Unfortunately not reported.

DANGERS:

Unfortunately not known, although I think trying to snuff some of the leaves
is pretty safe, if you have the opportunity just go for it.

SOURCES:

Of the Jungle sells seeds of J.pectoralis.





KAEMPFERIA GALANGA - Zingiberaceae (Galanga/Maraba)
------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

K.Galanga is used as an hallucinogen in New Guinea. Throughout the range
of this species, the highly aromatic rhizome is valued as a spice to flavor
rice, and also in folk medicine as an expectorant and carminative.
In Malaysia, the plant was added to the arrow-poison prepared from Antiaris
toxicaria. Aleister Crowley (The Beast 666) also used Galanga in the form of
incense.

USAGE:

The roots are chewed and ingested, approx. 6cm of the raw rhizome are needed. 
If available in powder form usually 2 teaspoons full are enough to feel the
effects. Making a tea is not recommended since it has a horrible taste.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Behind the high content of essential oil in the rhizome, little is known of
the chemistry of the plant. Hallucinogenic activity might possibly be due to
constituents of the essential oils.

EFFECTS:

Some people report absolutely no effect even in high doses, other report
changes in vision and improves mental clarity. Pleasant dreams and mild
hallucinations were also reported from Kaempferia Galanga.

DANGERS:

Galanga should be pretty safe, no undesiderable side-effects are reported.

SOURCES:

Horus Botanicals sells dried Galanga root, asiatic stores usually also have
Galanga in various forms.





LAGOCHILUS INEBRIANS - Labiatae (Turkestan Mint)
--------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

On the dry steppes of Turkestan, the Tajifik, Tartar, Turkoman and Uzbek
tribesmen have used a tea made from the toasted leaves of the mint
L.inebrians as an intoxicant. 

USAGE:

A tea from the toasted leaves (frequently mixed with stems, fruiting tops and
flowers) is prepared. Honey and sugar may be added to lessen the intense
bitterness of the drink.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Phytochemical studies have shown the presence of a crystalline compound
called Lagochiline - a diterpene of the grindelian type. This compound is not
known to be hallucinogenic.

EFFECTS:

Tranquillizer, intoxicant, mild hallucinogen.

DANGERS:

None known, should be quite safe.

SOURCES:

Unfortunately none known.





LATUA PUBIFLORA - Solanaceae (Latue')
---------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

Formerly used by the Mapuche Indian shamans of Valdivia.

USAGE:

Dosages were a secret closely guarded. The fresh fruit was preferentially
employed. I think they aren't powerful enough to be smoked.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

The leaves and fruits of L.pubiflora contain 0.15% hyoscyamine and 0.08%
scopolamine.

EFFECTS:

Delirium, hallucinations, deep sleep in which visions occur.

DANGERS:

Use not recommended, probably the same dangers as with the Daturas, Atropa
belladonna, Hyoscyamus niger and Mandragora officinarum. Attention tropane
alkaloids are very dangerous.

SOURCES:

Unfortunately none known.





LOBELIA INFLATA - Campanulaceae (Indian Tobacco/Tabaco del Diablo)
---------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

Recognizing L.tupa (a related species) as toxic, the Mapuche Indians of
northern Chile value the leaves for their intoxicating properties.

USAGE:

The leaves may be smoked or steeped in water (1 tablespoon / 1 pint).

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Lobelia leaves contain the piperidine alkaloid lobeline, a respiratory
stimulant, as well as diketo- and dihydroxy- derivatives, lobelamidine and
nor-lobedamidine. These compounds are not known to possess hallucinogenic
properties.

EFFECTS:

When smoked produces a very mild Marijuana like euphoria and improves mental
clarity. The tea acts both as a stimulant and as a relaxant. Small amounts
tend to act as stimulant, larger amounts as relaxant.

DANGERS:

Has an acrid taste and causes unpleasant feelings in mouth and throat. May
also induce nausea, although it should be considered pretty safe. In some
people smoking causes bad headaches.

SOURCES:

The Hexechessel sells L.inflata seeds, Horus Botanicals sells Lobelia tupa
seeds.





LOPHOPHORA WILLIAMSII - Cactaceae (Peyote)
---------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

Today Peyote is valued by the Tarahumara, Huichol, Comanche, Sioux, Kiowa and
other Mexican Indians. The Indians cut off the crown and dry it for ingestion
as an hallucinogen. This dry, disk-like head is known as the Mescal Button or
Peyote Button. There are two recognized species of Lophophora: L.williamsii
and L.diffusa, they differ morphologically and chemically.

USAGE:

The cactus may be consumed fresh, dried, made into mash or tea. From 4 to 30
tops are consumed during the ceremony.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

The main active principle of Peyote is Mescaline, which was discovered in
1896 by Arthur Heffter. It was the first hallucinogenic substance isolated
by man, 350mg of Mescaline is considered a psychedelic dose, 100mg cause
light effects. A dried button may contain un to 6% of Mescaline, usually the
Mescaline content is around 1%, a dried button weights approx. 2 grams.
In order to ingest 350mg we would have to eat approx. 15 buttons. Beside
Mescaline Peyote contains a lot of other alkaloids, they are: Hordenine,
N-methylmescaline, N-acetylmescaline, Pellotine, Anhalinine, Anhalonine,
Anhalidine, Anhalonidine, Anhalamine, O-methylanhalonidine, Tyramine and
Lophophorine. Some of these alkaloids aren't psychoactive if taken alone,
although in conjunction with Mescaline they potentiate its effects and change
the experience a little bit.

EFFECTS:

There are reportedly two stages in the intoxication. At first, a period of
contentment and sensitivity occurs. The second phase brings great calm and
muscular sluggishness, with a shift in attention from external stimuli to
introspection and meditation. It is reported that the Peyote experience is
different from a synthetic Mescaline experience, it is reported that Peyote
is more body oriented. This may be due to the various other alkaloids
contained in peyote.

DANGERS:

The most frequent unpleasant sensation is strong nausea after ingestion of
the buttons, taking peyote on empty stomach may help avoiding the nausea.
Peyote should be considered quite safe, although stronger psychedelics (like
Peyote) aren't toys and should be treated with respect.

SOURCES:

The Hexechessel sells both plants and seeds of Lophophora williamsii.
The active principle (Mescaline) is illegal in most countries, while most
Mescaline bearing cactiis still legal are.





LYCOPERDON MARGINATUM - Lycoperdaceae (Kalamoto/Gi'-I-Sa-Wa)
---------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

In northern Mexico, among the Tarahumara of Chihuahua, a species of
Lycoperdon, known as Kalamoto, is taken by sorcerers to approach people
without being detected and to make people sick. In southern Mexico the
Mixtecs also employ another species of Lycoperdon: L.mixtecorum.

USAGE:

The mushroom is eaten, probably a tea may be brewed.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

There is as yet no phytochemical basis to explain the psychotropic effects.

EFFECTS:

The mushroom is said to induce a condition of half-sleep, during which voices
and echoes can be heard.

DANGERS:

Not exactly known, if you want to try start with a small dosage.

SOURCES:

Unfortunately none known.





MAMMILLARIA SENILIS - Cactaceae (Wichuriki/Hikuli)
-------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

Among the most important 'false peyotes, of the Tarahumara Indians are
several species of Mammillaria, including: M.senilis, M.heyderii, M.craigii,
M.grahamii, M.micromeris.

USAGE:

Ritually the cactus is split open, sometimes roasted, and the central tissue
is used. The top of the plant, divested of its spines, is the most powerful
part. Probably a psychoactive tea may also be brewed.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

N-methyl-3,4-dimethoxy-phenylethylamine has been isolated from M.heyderii,
a species closely related to M.craigii. 

EFFECTS:

Deep sleep, during which a person is said to travel great distances, and
brilliant colors characterize the intoxication.

DANGERS:

Not known, start with small doses.

SOURCES

The Hexechessel sells plants and seeds of different Mammillaria species.





MANDRAGORA OFFICINARUM - Solanaceae (Mandrake)
----------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

Probably no plant has had a more fantastic history than the Mandrake. As a
magical plant and hallucinogen, its extraordinary place in European folklore
can nowhere be equaled. Known for its toxic, real and presumed medicinal
properties. While there are 6 species of Mandragora, it is M.officinarum
of Europe and the Near East that has played the most important role as an
hallucinogen in magic and witchcraft.

USAGE:

A tea of the crushed root is brewed and consumed.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

The principal alkaloids are hyoscyamine and scopolamine, but atropine,
cuscohygrine, or mandragorine are also present. The total content of tropane
alkaloids in the root is 0.4%.

EFFECTS:

Delirium and hallucinations followed by a death-like trance and sleep.

DANGERS:

Also check out the informations on the various Daturas, Brugmansia aurea,
Hyoscyamus niger and Atropa belladonna. Use is not recommended, ingesting
tropane alkaloids is highly dangerous.

SOURCES:

Unfortunately none known, I've found what was presumed to be Mandrake root
in a Headshop in London.





MAQUIRA SCLEROPHYLLA - Moraceae (Rape' dos Indios)
--------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

In the Pariana region of the Brazilian Amazon, the Indians formerly prepared
a potent hallucinogenic snuff which, although no longer prepared and used, is
known as Rape' dos Indios ('Indian snuff,). 

USAGE:

It is believed that the snuff had been made from the fruit of M.sclerophylla
(also known as Olmedioperebea sclerophylla). The exact method of preparation
is not known.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

No chemical studies have yet been carried out on the fruit of this tree.

EFFECTS:

Unfortunately not known.

DANGERS:

Unfortunately not known.

SOURCES:

Unfortunately none known.





MESEMBRYANTHEMUM TORTUOSUM - Aizoaceae (Kanna/Channa)
--------------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

Over two centuries ago, Dutch explorers reported that the Hottentots of South
Africa chewed the root of a plant known as Kanna or Channa as a
vision-inducing hallucinogen. This common name is today applied to several
species of Mesembryanthemum which have alkaloids. Today the use of this plant
as an hallucinogen seems to have ceased.

USAGE:

The root of the plant is chewed. Even today in South Africa the roots and
the leaves are smoked, but apparently not as hallucinogens. Sometimes the
leaves are dried after fermentation and chewed as an inebriant.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Mesembrine and Mesembrenine with sedative, cocaine-like activities capable
of inducing torpor.

EFFECTS:

It is reported that Kanna produces a strong intoxication, although we have
no accurate descriptions of its effects.

DANGERS:

The dangers are not known, I think it may be worth trying to chew some leaves
but start with very small doses.

SOURCES:

Unfortunately none known.





METHYSTICODENDRON AMESIANUM - Solanaceae (Culebra Borrachero)
---------------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

The Ingano and Kamsa' Indians of the Valley of Sibundoy cultivate Culebra
Borrachero ('snake intoxicant,) for medicinal and hallucinogenic purposes.
This plant is closely related to Brugmansia but it is described as a
separate genus.

USAGE:

An infusion is prepared from the leaves.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Tropane alkaloids, mainly Scopolamine, 80% of the plants alkaloid content is
made up of Scopolamine. This accounts for the strong reaction even from
relatively small doses.

EFFECTS:

Like other Tropane alkaloids containing plants: delirium and hallucinations.

DANGERS:

Culebra Borrachero is even more dangerous than Brugmansia aurea, use is
absolutely not recommended.

SOURCES:

Unfortunately none known.





MIMOSA HOSTILIS - Leguminosae (Jurema/Ajuca)
---------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

Several species of Mimosa are called Jurema in Eastern Brazil. M.hostilis is
often known as Jurema Preta ('black Jurema,). The related M.verruccosa, from
the bark of which a stupefacient is said to be derived, is frequently called
Jurema Branca ('white Jurema,). Several tribes in Pernambuco use the plant
in ceremonials, it was also used by various now extinct tribes of the same
area.

USAGE:

Ritually a drink called Ajuca is prepared, this preparation must be similar
to Ajahuasca, although to orally activate tryptamines a MAO Inhibitor is
needed, I dont have exact reports on how the drink was prepared. One could
try to extract the DMT from the roots or to prepare a drink combined with
Peganum harmala seeds.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

An alkaloid was isolated from the root of this treelet and called Nigerine.
It was later shown to be identical with the hallucinogenic
N,N-dimethyltryptamine, the same alkaloid present in the related leguminous
genus Anadenanthera from which an intoxicating snuff is prepared.

EFFECTS:

Highly hallucinogenic, unfortunately there are no exact reports of the
effects.

DANGERS:

Not exactly known, the active principle alone is quite safe, although there
might be other dangerous alkaloids in the root.

SOURCES:

Unfortunately none known.





MUCUNA PRURIENS - Leguminosae (Cowhage)
---------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

Mucuna pruriens has not been reported as an hallucinogen, but the plant has
been chemically shown to be rich in psychotomimetic constituents.

USAGE:

Nothing exact is reported about the preparation, although it seems that the
powdered seeds are used.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

The total indole alkylamine content was studied from the point of view of
its hallucinogenic activity. It was found that marked behaviorial changes
occurred which could be equated with hallucinogenic activity.

EFFECTS:

Unfortunately not reported.

DANGERS:

Unfortunately not known.

SOURCES:

The Hexechessel sells seeds of a Mucuna species.





MYRISTICA FRAGRANS - Myristicaceae (Nutmeg)
------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

It's used as drug since centuries, it was always used by the people who  
hadn't access to other (better) drugs, like slaves on the ships which
transported spices or, in modern days prisoners in jail. Nutmeg was also used
sometimes in the "Betel Chew" (main ingredient Betel Nut) and it was
sometimes used in Egypt as surrogate for Haschish.

USAGE:

6-25 grams of preferably fresh nutmeg are ingested, possibly on an empty
stomach. Some people also snuff the powder but I don't suggest it because
it's not a very pleasant feeling in your nose. Snuffing is usually used for
mace and not nutmeg, Nutmeg is the seed of Myristica Fragrans, Mace is the
skin which protects the seed. A tea may also made from Nutmeg and Mace
but I think the taste is much worse than eating the pure stuff.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

The active principles of Nutmeg are contained in his essential oils,
the most important of these substances is called Myristicine, the non-amine
precursor of MMDA which is closely related to Extasy (MDMA).
Elemicin and Safrole (the non-amine precursor of MDA) is also contained,
they all work synergetically to produce the psychoactive effect.
The problem with buying Nutmeg is that probably what you buy has an age of
approx. 2-3 years, depending from where you buy. If you find a place which
sells entire Nutmegs you should have no problems.

EFFECTS:

The intoxication with low doses is similar to a Cannabis intoxication,
with higher doses around 25g you start to see traces and feel very strange.
The effects may wear off only three days later, usually there is a big
hangover in which a real big tiredness is experienced. It's interesting
to note that Nutmeg takes very long to have an effect, it takes everywhere
from 1 to 6 hours to kick in. Nausea is quite possible at the beginning
of the experience. The pupils become very dilated, they become at least
as dilated as after a massive dose of LSD. The speech becomes slurred and
motor functions are impaired.

DANGERS:

The active dose starts at approx. 6g, I wouldn't suggest to take more
than 25g, if you have a hearth problem even 13g may be lethal for you.
Nutmeg is also toxic to the liver in this dosage, it may be used without
problem, don't worry you won't use it more than 2-3 times (at least I know
nobody who used it over a long period). A fresh entire Nutmeg (it's better
than the pulverized product) has a weight of approx. 6g.

SOURCES:

Available in most supermarkets, try to find entire nuts.





NEPHELIUM TOPENGII - Sapindaceae (Lung-Li)
------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

A reference in the Chinese literature reports that Lung-li has hallucinogenic
effects.

USAGE:

Not exactly known, although the fruit is edible and the seeds toxic.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Cyanogenic glycosides and other toxic constituents which are not known to be
hallucinogenic.

EFFECTS:

According to Fang-Cheng-Ta in A.D. 1175 '...When eaten raw, it causes one to
go mad or see devils,.

DANGERS:

Usage is not recommended, too few is known about this plant, it may be quite
dangerous.

SOURCES:

Unfortunately none known.





NYMPHAEA AMPLA - Nymphaeaceae - (Blue Water Lily/Ninfa)
--------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

There is evidence that Nymphaea may have been employed as an hallucinogen in
both the Old and New Worlds.

USAGE:

Not exactly known, probably a tea may be brewed.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

The psychoactive Apomorphine was isolated from N.ampla, Nuciferine and
Nornuciferine were also isolated.

EFFECTS:

Unfortunately not reported, I suspect them being Opiate-like.

DANGERS:

Not known, very little is known about this plant, probably its safe, if you
want to try start with small doses.

SOURCES:

Unfortunately none known.





ONCIDIUM CEBOLLETA - Orchidaceae (Cebolleta)
------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

It is suspected to be an hallucinogen, employed as a temporary surrogate of
Peyote or Hikuri (Lophophora williamsii).

USAGE:

Unfortunately little is known of its use. Probably a tea may be brewed.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

An alkaloid has been reported from Oncidium cebolleta.

EFFECTS:

Unfortunately not known.

DANGERS:

Use not recommended, too little is known about this plant.

SOURCES:

Unfortunately none known.





PACHYCEREUS PECTEN-ABORIGINUM - Cactaceae (Cawe/Wichowaka)
-----------------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

Its a plant of many uses among the Indians, the Tarahumara who call the
plant Cawe or Wichowaka use it for intoxication. The term Wichowaka also
means 'insanity, in the Tarahumara language.

USAGE:

The Indians take a drink made from the juice of the young branches as a
narcotic. I wonder if brewing a tea from the cactus would work.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Recently the substance 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl-ethylamine and 4 
tetra-hydroisoquinoline alkaloids were isolated from P.pecten-aboriginum.

EFFECTS:

It is reported to cause dizziness and visual hallucinations.

DANGERS:

Very little is known, probably quite safe but start with small doses if you
want to try.

SOURCES:

The Hexechessel in Zurich sells both seeds and plants of two Pachycereus
species, including P.pecten-aboriginum.





PANAEOLUS SPHINCTRINUS - Strophariaceae (To-shka)
----------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

One of the sacred hallucinogenic mushrooms employed in divination and other
magic ceremonies in north eastern Oaxaca, Mexico, among the Mazatec and
Chinantec Indians is this member of the small genus Panaeolus .
The Mazatecs know it as T-ha-na-sa which means 'pasture mushroom, and To-shka
which means 'intoxicating mushroom,. While not so important as the several
species of Psilocybe and Stropharia, P.sphinctrinus is on occasion by certain
shamans.

USAGE:

The mushrooms may be consumed fresh, dried or brewed in a tea. The suggested
starting dose is 4-10 mushrooms. Please remember that eaten fresh they are
more powerful than dried because the Psilocine is lost in the drying process.
In order to brew a tea cut the mushrooms in little pieces and sprinkle them
in water and boil them until they sink.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

This and other species of Panaeolus have been reported to contain the
hallucinogenic alkaloids Psilocybine and Psilocine.

EFFECTS:

The effect of psichedelic mushrooms may be compared with those of LSD and
Mescaline, although people report that the trip is different. The mushroom
trip lasts only 6 hours while an LSD experience lasts up to 12 hours.
Mushrooms also have less stimulating effect than LSD, usually people also
report mushrooms to be more visual than LSD. Remember that there is a cross
tolerance between LSD, Mescaline, Psilocybine and Psilocine, this means that
if you take LSD you will have a tolerance also for mushrooms and Mescaline.
Visual and auditory hallucinations, kaleidoscopic variations in the depth of
vision, muscular relaxation, distortion of tactile sensations, lack of
concentration ability, perception of time and space are alterated. The trip
peaks approx. 1,5 hours after ingestion.

DANGERS:

Mushrooms should be taken on empty stomach since they may cause nausea.
Psilocybe mushrooms are quite safe, although psichedelics aren't toys, bad
trips are quite possible. Bad trips are caused by a wrong environment and
state of mind (Set & Setting). If you picked the mushrooms yourself be
absolutely sure to identify them correctly.

SOURCES:

Spores of P.sphinctrinus may be ordered from the Hexechessel. If you want to
pick them in the nature look for them on cow pastures from Mai to Octobre.





PANCRATIUM TRIANTHUM - Amaryllidaceae (Kwashi)
--------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

In Dobe, Botswana, the Bushmen reportedly value the plant as an hallucinogen.
In tropical west Africa, P.trianthum seems to be religiously important.

USAGE:

Little is known of the use of P.trianthum. The bulbs are cut in two, and 
rubbed over incisions on the scalp. This custom most closely approaches the
Western habit of injecting medicine.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Many of the 15 species of this plant are potent cardiac poisons, others are
emetics. One of them is said to cause death by paralysis of the central
nervous system (CNS). P.trianthum is reputedly one of the most toxic species.
The toxic state may be accompanied by hallucinogenic symptoms.

EFFECTS:

Unfortunately not reported.

DANGERS:

This plant is highly poisonous, use is absolutely not recommended.

SOURCES:

Unfortunately none known.





PANDANUS - Pandanaceae (Screw-Pine)
--------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

Natives of New Guinea employ the fruit of an unidentified species of Pandanus
for hallucinogenic purposes, unfortunately little is known of this use.

USAGE:

Unfortunately not reported, eating substantial amounts of nuts is said to
have a psychoactive effect although DMT shouldn't be orally active.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

DMT (Dimethyltryptamine) has been isolated and identified in Pandanus nuts.

EFFECTS:

Eating substantial amounts of the nuts is said to cause an 'outbreak of
irrational behavior, known as Karuka madness among local people. The strange
thing is that DMT is not active orally unless potentiated with a MAOI, there
are two possibilities: the nuts also contain a MAOI of some kind or they
contain other psychoactive substances beside DMT.

DANGERS:

Probably quite safe, although too few is known about this plant, start with
low doses if you want to try.

SOURCES:

Unfortunately none known.





PEGANUM HARMALA - Zygophyllaceae (Syrian Rue)
---------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

The high esteem which P.harmala enjoys in folk medicine wherever the plant
occurs may indicate a former semi-sacred use as an hallucinogen in native
religion and magic. It has recently been postulated that P.harmala may have
been the source of Some or Huoma of the ancient people of Persia and India.

USAGE:

The active principles are found in the seeds, 1oz of seeds are chewed and
swallowed, although for beginners I suggest to start with approx. 10 grams
of seeds. P.harmala is most effective when combined with other hallucinogenic
plants.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

The plant possesses hallucinogenic principles: beta-carboline alkaloids -
Harmine, Harmaline, Tetrohydroharmine, and related bases known to occur in
at least eight families of higher plants. From 25mg to 750mg of Harmine are
needed for a dose, 25mg - 200mg is considered a small dose. The total
alkaloid content of the seeds varies between 2% - 4%.

EFFECTS:

Harmine and related alkaloids are serotonine antagonists, hallucinogens,
Central Nervous System (CNS) stimulants, and short-term MAOI's. Small doses
between 25mg - 50mg act as a mild stimulant, sometimes inducing a drowsy or
dreamy state for 1 - 2 hours. Large doses up to 750mg may have hallucinogenic
effect. Doses between 25mg - 250mg taken along with Psilocybine, LSD or
Mescaline alter the quality of the experience, telepathic experiences have
been reported.

DANGERS:

Attention, the alkaloids in P.harmala are MAO Inhibitors (MAOI), do not take
with substances like Psilocybine, LSD or Mescaline unless you know exactly
what you are doing. MAOI's should never be taken in combination with Alcohol.

SOURCES:

The Hexechessel sells both P.harmala seeds (quite expensive) and entire
plants, Of the Jungle sells seeds too but at a much better price.





PELECYPHORA ASELLIFORMIS - Cactaceae (Peyotillo)
------------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

Although definitive proof must await further field work, there are suspicions
that this round cactus may be valued in Mexico as a 'false Peyote,. It is
locally known as Peyote and Peyotillo.

USAGE:

Not reported, I suppose the cactus is chewed and swallowed, brewing a tea
should also work.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

The cactus contains trace amounts of Mescaline (too few to be psychoactive)
and little amounts of: Anhalidine, Anhaladine, Hordenine, N-methylmescaline,
Pellotine, 3-dimethyltrichocereine, B-phenylethylamine,
N-methyl-B-phenylethylamine, 3,4-dimethoxy-B-phenylethylamine,
N-methyl-3,4-dimethoxy-B-phenylethylamine and 4-methoxy-B-phenylethylamine.
Most of these alkaloids are also found in Peyote but in much greater
concentration.

EFFECTS:

If it really is psychoactive the effects probably are quite similar to
those of Peyote.

DANGERS:

Unfortunately not known, probably quite safe, start with small doses.

SOURCES:

The Hexechessel sells both seeds and plants of Pelecyphora aselliformis.





PERNETTYA FURENS - Ericaceae (Hierba Loca/Taglli)
----------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

The genus is very closely related to Gaultheria. Numerous reports indicate
that Pernettya is intoxicating. P.furens is called Hierba Loca by the Indians
while P.parvifolia is called Taglli.

USAGE:

The fruits are eaten.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Unfortunately the chemistry of these plants is not yet elucidated.

EFFECTS:

The fruit of P.furens the Hued-hued or Hierba Loca of Chile, causes mental
confusion, madness and even permanent insanity. The effects of the
intoxication are said to be similar to those caused by Datura. P.parvifolia
has toxic fruits, capable when ingested, of inducing hallucinations as well
as other psychic and motor alterations.

DANGERS:

Use not recommended, too few is known and the intoxication seems to be of
toxic nature.

SOURCES:

Unfortunately none known.





PETUNIA VIOLACEA - Solanaceae (Shanin)
----------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

A report from Ecuador has indicated that a species of Petunia is valued as
an hallucinogen. It is called Shanin in Ecuador. Which group of Indians
employ it, what species and how it is prepared for use are not known.

USAGE:

Unfortunately not known.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Phytochemical studies of the horticulturally important genus Petunia are
lacking, but as a solanaceous group allied to Nicotiana - the tobaccos it
may well contain biologically active principles.

EFFECTS:

It is said to induce a feeling of levitation or of soaring through the air,
a typical characteristic of many kinds of hallucinogenic intoxications.

DANGERS:

Use not recommended, Solenaceous plants usually are very dangerous and in
addition we know only very little about this species.

SOURCES:

Horus Botanicals sells seeds of P.violacea.





PEUCEDANUM JAPONICUM - Umbelliferae (Fang-K'uei)
--------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

The root of P.japonicum is employed medicinally in China as an eliminative,
diuretic, tussic, and sedative.

USAGE:

The root is used, probably a tea may be brewed.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Various alkaloids have been reported from P.japonicum. Coumarin and
Furocoumarin are widespread in the genus and also occur in P.japonicum.

EFFECTS:

Unfortunately not known.

DANGERS:

Should be quite safe, although start with low doses.

SOURCES:

The Hexechessel sells seeds of various Peucedanum species and Horus
Botanicals sells seeds of P.japonicum.





PHYTOLACCA ACINOSA - Phytolaccaceae (Shang-La)
------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

P.acinosa is a well-known drug plant in China, Shang-La exists in two forms:
one with white flowers and a white root, and one with red flowers and a
purplish root. The latter type is considered to be highly toxic, while the
former is cultivated as a food. The root is so poisonous that normally it is
used only externally. It was reportedly used by sorcerers who valued its
hallucinogenic effects.

USAGE:

The root is used, normally only externally, exact preparation is not known.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Phytolacca acinosa is high in Saponines.

EFFECTS:

The toxicity and hallucinogenic effects of P.acinosa are commonly mentioned
in Chinese herbals. Unfortunately I have no exact report of the effects.

DANGERS:

Use not recommended, the plant is highly toxic and too few is known about it.

SOURCES:

The Hexechessel sells seeds of various Phytolacca species, including
P.acinosa.





PSILOCYBE CAERULESCENS - Agaricaceae (She-To)
----------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

Many species of Psilocybe are employed in southern Mexico as sacred
hallucinogens, P.mexicana being one of the most widely used.

USAGE:

The mushrooms are eaten fresh or dried, a tea may also be brewed. Fresh they
are more powerful than dried because the Psilocine is destroyed in the drying
process. Unfortunately the exact dosage is not known, start with 4 - 5
mushrooms.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Contains both Psilocybine and Psilocine.

EFFECTS:

Like other Psilocybe mushrooms (check out Informations on Panaeolus
sphinctrinus).

DANGERS:

Psilocybe mushrooms are quite safe, although psychedelic substances are very
powerful and should be consumed only in the right set and setting. Nausea is
quite possible at the beginning of the experience.

SOURCES:

Unfortunately none known.





RANUNCULUS ACRIS - Ranunculaceae (Shiu Lang)
----------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

The identity of this plant is not certain. Mao-Ken is usually a species
of Ranunculus. A species of this genus common along streams and brooks
is reported in early Chinese literature to cause delirium in man. Li
Shih-chen cited Kohung, about A.D. 320, that 'among the herbs there is the
Shiu-Lang  ('water Lang, a kind of Mao-Ken), a plant with rounded leaves
which grows along water courses... It is poisonous and, when eaten by
mistake, it produces delirium,.

USAGE:

Unfortunately not known, probably the plant may be eaten fresh or also brewed
as a tea.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

The glycoside Ranuncoside has been reported from Ranunculus acris.

EFFECTS:

Said to cause delirium if eaten by man.

DANGERS:

Use not recommended, the plant probably is toxic, in addition too few is
known about it.

SOURCES:

May be found growing wild.





RHYNCHOSIA LONGERACEMOSA - Leguminosae (Piule)
------------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

The beautiful red and black beans of several species of Rhynchosia may have
been eployed in ancient Mexico as an hallucinogenic. Paintings of these seeds
on frescos dated A.D. 300-400 at Tepantitla suggest former use as a sacred
plant. The flowers of R.longeracemosa are yellow, the seeds are light- and
dark-brown. R.pyramidalis has greenish flowers and half-red, half-black
seeds.

USAGE:

The seeds are used, the exact preparation is not reported.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Chemical studies on Rhynchosia are still preliminary and indecisive.

EFFECTS:

Early pharmacological experiments with an extract of R.phaseoloides produced
a kind of semi-narcosis in frogs.

DANGERS:

Use is not recommenden, too few is known about this family of plants.

SOURCES:

Unfortunately none known.





RUSSULA AGGLUTINA - Russulaceae (Nonda-Mos)
-----------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

Several species of Russula are believed to be involved in the 'mushroom
madness, of the Kuma people of New Guinea. There is significant difference
of opinion as to whether or not the 'mushroom madness, of the Kuma can be
due to mushroom poisoning. A recent field study by botanists discounts the
effect of mushrooms.

USAGE:

Not known, probably the mushrooms may be eaten fresh or they may be brewed
in a tea.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Stearic acids have been found in two species of Russula.

EFFECTS:

Reported to be some kind of delirium.

DANGERS:

Use not recommended, too few is known about this mushroom.

SOURCES:

Unfortunately none known, although several species of Russula may be found
growing wild.





SALVIA DIVINORUM - Labiatae (Hierba de la Pastora/Hierba de la Virgen)
----------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

In Oaxaca, Mexico, the Mazatec Indians cultivate Salvia divinorum for the
leaves which are crushed on a metate, diluted in water, and filtered in order
to prepare an hallucinogenic drink to be used in divinatory rituals. The
plant, known as Hierba de la Pastora ('Herb of the Shepherdess,) or Hierba de
la Virgen ('Herb of the Virgin,), is cultivated in plots hidden away in
forests far from homes and roads. It has been suggested that the narcotic
Pipiltzintzintli of the ancient Aztecs was S.divinorum, but, at present, the
plant seems to be used only by the Mazatecs. It is apparently used when
Teonanacatl or Ololiuqui seeds are rare.

USAGE:

About 70 large fresh leaves are thoroughly chewed and swallowed or crushed
and soaked in 1 pint (5,6dl) of water for 1 hour, strained, and drunk.
Some people report getting high from S.divinorum after taking 6-7 puffs out
of a Bong filled with dried S.divinorum leaves, I really doubt it is possible
but it may be worth trying.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

No chemical evidence of a psychoactive substance is as yet available. The
leaves are psychoactive only as long as they are fresh, dried leaves won't
work. It is believed that the active principle is an unstable crystalline
polyhydric alcohol.

EFFECTS:

Similar to Psilocybine, colorful visions occur, although the effect is much
milder and lasts only approx. 2 hours. It should be also noted that some
people report the effects as being quite different from those of other
psychedelics.

DANGERS:

Nausea may be experienced during the first 30 minutes, otherwise no
unpleasant or harmful side effects are known.

SOURCES:

Of the Jungle sells Salvia Divinorum plants, although they are quite
expensive.





SCIRPUS ATROVIRENS - Cyperaceae (Bakana)
------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

One of the most powerful herbs of the Tarahumara of Mexico is apparently a
species of Scirpus. Some medicine men carry Bakana to relieve pain. The
tuberous underground part is believed to cure insanity, and the whole plant
is a protector of those suffering from mental ills.

USAGE:

The tuberous root of this plant is used, exact preparation is not known.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Alkaloids have been reported from Scirpus as well as from the related genus
Cyperus.

EFFECTS:

The intoxication which it induces enables Indians to travel far and wide,
talk with dead ancestors, and see brilliantly colored visions.

DANGERS:

Use not recommended, too few is known about this plant.

SOURCES:

Unfortunately none known.





SENECIO PRAECOX - Compositae (Palo Bobo/Palo Loco)
---------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

More than 60 species of Senecio are known from Mexico, some of them are
reputed to cause intoxications or to induce hallucinations.

USAGE:

Probably a tea brewed from the leaves is used.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Many alkaloids have been reported from Senecio, Pyrrolizidines are especially
characteristic of the genus.

EFFECTS:

It is said to 'produce delusions, and reputed to induce hallucinations.

DANGERS:

Use not recommended, too few is known about this plant, although if you want
to try start with small doses.

SOURCES:

Unfortunately none known.





SIDA ACUTA - Malvaceae (Malva Colorada/Chichipe)
----------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

Along the Gulf coastal regions of Mexico S.acuta and S.rhombifolia are said
to be smoked as a stimulant and substitute for Marijuana.

USAGE:

The dried leaves are smoked.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Ephedrine has been reported from these species of Sida.

EFFECTS:

Whether or not hallucinogenic effects are experienced has not been indicated.
The herb surely is stimulating since it contains Ephedrine.

DANGERS:

Not exactly known, should be quite safe, although start with small doses.

SOURCES:

Unfortunately none known.





SILER DIVARICATUM - Umbelliferae (Feng-Feng)
-----------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

Usually Feng-Feng is identified as Siler divaricatum, the entire plant has
an important role in Chinese folk medicine.

USAGE:

The entire plant appears to be used, exact preparation is not known.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

No chemical studies appear to have been carried out on S.divaricatum.

EFFECTS:

The T'ao Hung-Ching, dated about A.D. 510, reported that the kind of root
'that bifurcates at the top produces madness,. Whether or not its effects
are truly hallucinogenic has not been determined.

DANGERS:

Unfortunately not known, probably quite safe although use is not recommended
since too few is known about this plant.

SOURCES:

Unfortunately none known.





SOLANDRA BREVICALYX - Solanaceae (Kieli/Hueipatl)
-------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

Solandra appears to be valued for hallucinogenic purposes in Mexico. 
Another related species, S.guerrerensis is also employed for its
hallucinogenic properties.

USAGE:

A tea is made from the juice of the branches.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

The genus Solandra, as would be expected in view of its close relationship
to Datura, contains Syoscyamine, Scopolamine, Nortropine, Tropine,
Cuscohygrine and other alkaloids have been reported.

EFFECTS:

Probably very similar to those of Datura, check out the informations on the
various Datura, Brugmansia aurea, Mandragora officinarum and Hyoscyamus
niger.

DANGERS:

Use not recommended, tropane alkaloids are extremely dangerous.

SOURCES:

Of the Jungle sells Plants of a species of Solandra.





SOPHORA SECUNDIFLORA - Leguminosae (Mescal Bean/Frijoles)
--------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

The beautiful red beans of this shrub were once used as an hallucinogen in
North America. The use of Mescal Bean goes far back into pre-history in the
Rio Grande basin, where caches of the beans dated between 1500 B.C. and A.D.
200 have been found. The Arapaho and Iowa tribes in the U.S. were using the
beans as early as 1820. The Peyote cult, centering around Lophophora, a
safer hallucinogen, led the natives to abandon the Red Bean Dance, which had
made use of the beans as an oracular, divinatory and hallucinogenic medium.

USAGE:

One reference says that a drink was prepared from the red beans, the other
reference claims that the beans one bean or less were roasted over the fire,
finely ground, chewed thoroughly and ingested.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

The seeds of S.secundiflora contain the highly toxic alkaloid Cytisine,
belonging pharmacologically to the same group as Nicotine.

EFFECTS:

Truly hallucinogenic activity is unknown for Cytisine, but it is probable
that the powerful intoxication causes, through a kind of delirium, conditions
which can induce a visionary trance.

DANGERS:

Cytisine causes nausea, convulsions, and eventually, in high doses, death
through respiratory failure. Use is absolutely not recommended.

SOURCES:

Horus Botanicals sells seeds of S.secundiflora.





STROPHARIA CUBENSIS - Strophariaceae (Hongo de San Isidro)
-------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

This mushroom in Mexico is an important hallucinogen, although it should be
noted that not all shamans will use it. The Mazatec name of this mushroom is
Di-shi-tjo-le-rra-ja ('divine mushroom of manure,).

USAGE:

The mushrooms may be eaten fresh or dried, a tea may also be brewed. The
dosage is from 4 - 40 mushrooms, where 40 is a heavy dose. Fresh they are
more powerful than dried because the Psilocine is destroyed in the drying
process.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Contains both Psilocybine and Psilocine.

EFFECTS:

Like other Psilocybine mushrooms, check out the informations on Panaeolus
sphinctrinus.

DANGERS:

Psilocybine mushrooms are quite safe, although psychedelic drugs are very
powerful and should be treated with fear and respect. Nausea may be
experienced at the beginning of the experience.

SOURCES:

The Hexechessel sells spores of Stropharia cubensis from various locations.
It should be noted that S.cubensis is the most easy Psilocybine mushroom to
cultivate.





TAGETES LUCIDA - Compositae (Yahutli/Tumutsuli)
--------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

The Huichol of Mexico induce visions by smoking a mixture of Nicotiana
rustica and Tagetes lucida. They frequently drink a fermented maize,
Tesguino or Cai, along with the smoking in order 'to produce clearer
visions,. T.lucida is occasionally smoked alone for hallucinogenic effects.

USAGE:

The leaves are smoked, usually mixed to tobacco, a tea may also be brewed.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

No alkaloids have been isolated from Tagetes, but the genus is rich in
essential oils and thiophene derivatives, saponines, tannins, coumarine
derivatives and cyanogenic glycosides have been reported.

EFFECTS:

Unfortunately not reported.

DANGERS:

None known, T.lucida should be perfectly safe.

SOURCES:

The Hexechessel and Of the Jungle both sell seeds of various Tagetes species
including T.lucida. Horus Botanicals sells both T.lucida seeds and dried herb.





TABERNANTHE IBOGA - Apocynaceae (Iboga)
-----------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

In Gabon and the Congo, the cult surrounding Iboga provides the natives with
the strongest single force against the missionary spread of Christianity and
Islam in this region. Iboga is known to be used as an hallucinogen in
magico-religious context, it serves to seek information from ancestors and
the spirit world. Intoxication is also practiced in the initiation
ceremonies. Ibogaine is also used to treat Heroin addicts and Alcoholics.

USAGE:

Exact preparation is not known, the root is pulled from earth and powdered
for the use in the ceremony. Probably the powder is ingested.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Chemical studies on T.iboga have shown at least a dozen indole alkaloids,
the most active being Ibogaine.

EFFECTS:

Ibogaine is a strong psychic stimulant which in high doses produces also
hallucinogenic effects.

DANGERS:

Ibogaine in toxic doses leads to convulsions, paralysis, eventually arrest
of respiration and hallucinations. Ibogaine is toxic only in high doses,
start with a small dosage.

SOURCES:

Unfortunately none known.





TANAECIUM NOCTURNUM - Bignoniaceae (Koribo)
-------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

This species of Tanaecium is said to be prized as an aphrodisiac by Indians
of the Colombian Choco'.

USAGE:

A tea is made of the leaves of this liana and those of an unidentified plant.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Saponines and Tannins have been found in Tanaecium.

EFFECTS:

Said to be an aphrodisiac.

DANGERS:

Not known, probably quite safe, although start with a low dose.

SOURCES:

Unfortunately none known.






TETRAPTERIS METHYSTICA - Malpighiaceae (Caapi Pinima)
----------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

The nomadic Maku' Indians of the Rio Tikie' in the northwestern Amazonas of
Brazil prepare an hallucinogenic drink from the bark of T.methystica. They
call it Caapi, the same name as Banisteriopsis. Several writers have
mentioned 'more than one kind, of Caapi.

USAGE:

The exact preparation is not known, probably a sort of tea may be brewed from
the bark. The original infusion is prepared with cold water and has a
yellowish color.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Reports of the effects of the drug would suggest that beta-carboline
alkaloids are present.

EFFECTS:

Hallucinogenic intoxication. Also check out the informations on
Banisteriopsis Caapi.

DANGERS:

Probably quite safe, although start with low doses.

SOURCES:

Unfortunately none known.





TRICHOCEREUS PACHANOI - Cactaceae (San Pedro/Aguacolla)
--------------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

Used by the natives of South America, especially in the Andes of Peru,
Ecuador and Bolivia. Usually its used to diagnose disease.

USAGE:

Short pieces of stem are sliced and boiled in water for several hours.
Sometimes other plants like Datura are added to the brew. Usually a piece
of 10cm - 20cm is enough for a dose. Don't throw away the skin, it has a
high alkaloid concentration.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Trichocereus pachanoi is rich in Mescaline: 2% of the dried material and
0.12% of the fresh material. Other alkaloids have been reported from this
cactus: 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine, 3-methoxy-tyramine and five other
Alkaloids. From a related species (T.terschekii) N,N-dimethyltryptamine was
isolated.

EFFECTS:

The San Pedro experience is more pleasant than a Peyote experience, the
taste of San Pedro is not as bitter as those of Peyote and Nausea is only
rarely experienced. In addition the trip is more tranquil.

DANGERS:

No physical dangers, although psychedelics are powerful substances and should
be treated with respect.

SOURCES:

Both Horus Botanicals and Of the Jungle sell T.pachanoi seeds, the
Hexechessel sells seeds and plants of related Trichocereus species.





TURBINA CORYMBOSA - Convolvulaceae (Morning Glories/Ololiuqui)         
-----------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

The seeds of Turbina Corymbosa, better known as Rivea Corymbosa are one
of the most important hallucinogenic drugs in southern Mexico. This
seeds are known along the Indians as Ololiuqi. The identification of the
Morning Glories genera has always be difficult. This species was one
time or another assigned to the genera Convolvulus, Ipomoea, Legendrea,
Rivea and Turbina.

USAGE:

The usage is rather simple, 15-30 seeds are ground up in 1/2 cup of water
for 12 hours and the water is drunken. The intoxication is a LSD similar
experience lasting for 6-8 hours, visuals are very rare, nausea during
the first hours is very common. The taste of the water is horrible, some
people prefer to make an extract to lower the taste, a simple alcohol
extraction should be enough. Place the seeds in high proof alcohol or if it's
available, use Methanol. Let the seeds soak for a couple of days, filter the
mush of the seeds and let the Alcohol evaporate, make this with a lot of
caution, use only electrical equipment it may be very dangerous to evaporate
Alcohol or Methanol over a flame. Be sure that the room is well ventilated or
you'll get quite drunk. At the end of process a sort of very thick oil should
be leftover, fill in in pills and enjoy it. Try to find seeds which are
not treated with chemical products (most commercial seeds are), this isn't
dangerous but it will lead to heavy nausea at the beginning of the
experience. Unfortunately I'm not sure about the dosage needed, if 30 seeds
aren't enough increment the dosage, its not very dangerous.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

The most important active principles of this plant are Lysergic Acid Amide
(LAA) and Lysergic Acid Hydroxyethylamide closely related to the well
known LSD. The discovery of LSD derivates in a plant was very important,
before discovering this fact it was claimed that Lysergic Acid compounds
were unique to lower mushrooms like Claviceps purpurea and Claviceps paspali.

EFFECTS:

Similar to LSD but much milder, also check out the informations on Ipomoea
Violacea.

DANGERS:

Beside nausea at the beginning of the experience no dangers are known.

SOURCES:

Of the Jungle sells seeds of Turbina corymbosa (labeled as Rivea corymbosa)





UNGNADIA SPECIOSA - Sapindaceae (Mexican Buckeye)
-----------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

The seeds may once have been used in a religious context, possibly as an
hallucinogen, in Texas and Mexico. They have often been associated with
finds of Peyote (Lophophora williamsii) and the red bean (Sophora
secundiflora), both hallucinogenic agents.

USAGE:

It is only known that the seeds were used.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

The seeds of U.speciosa contain cyanogenic compounds, unfortunately with no
relation to hallucinogenic activity.

EFFECTS:

Unfortunately not known.

DANGERS:

Use is not recommended since too few is known about this plant.

SOURCES:

Horus Botanicals sells plants of U.speciosa.





VIROLA CAROPHYLLA - Myristicaceae (Epena'/Yakee)
-----------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

Most, if not all, species of Virola have a red 'resin, in the inner bark.
The resin from a number of species is prepared as an hallucinogenic snuff
or small pellets. Occasionally Epena' may also be snuffed by adult males
without any ritual connection.

USAGE:

The inner layer of the bark is scraped, the shavings are dried over a fire.
When pulverized, powdered leaves of Justicia, the ashes of Amasita and the
bark of Elizabetha princeps, may be added. Some Indians fall the tree,
collect the resin, boil it to a paste, sun-dry the paste, crush and sift it.
Ashes of several barks and the leaf powder of Justicia may be added. A group
of very primitive Maku' Indians in Colombia ingest the unprepared resin as
it is collected from the bark.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

Tryptamines and Beta-Carbolines: 5-methoxydimethyltryptamine and
Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), being the main constituents.

DANGERS:

Epena' is a powerful drug, start with low doses and increment the dosage
slowly.

EFFECTS:

The intoxication usually includes initial excitability, then follows numbness
of the limbs, twitching of the facial muscles, inability to coordinate,
muscular activity, nausea, visual hallucinations, and finally, a depp,
disturbed sleep.

SOURCES:

Unfortunately none known.





ZORNIA LATIFOLIA - Leguminosae (Maconha Brava)
----------------

RITUAL EMPLOYMENT:

The dried leaves are smoked in Brazil as an hallucinogenic substitute for
Cannabis. The vernacular name Maconha Brava means 'false Marijuana,.

USAGE:

The leaves are dried and smoked.

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES:

No psychoactive principles have been reported from the genus.

EFFECTS:

Reported to be similar to Marijuana.

DANGERS:

No dangers known, should be quite safe.

SOURCES:

Unfortunately none known.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------


CONCLUSION
----------

There is a lot of work behind this text, I've used the following books for
writing this text:

Plants of the Gods by Albert Hofmann and R.E.Schultes 
Psychoaktive Pflanzen by Bert M. Schuldes 
Legal Highs by Adam Gottlieb 
The Natural Highs FAQ File
The Australian Supplement for the Natural Highs FAQ File
The Psilocybe Mushroom FAQ v1.1

For the sources sections I've used the catalogs of the Hexechessel, Horus
Botanicals and Of the Jungle.

If you're interested in the subject of Hallucinogenic plants I recommend you
to buy these other publications. It is possible that in future there will
be a printed paper version of 'Natural Drugs,.

Feel free to contact me for whatever you want (suggestions, critics,...)
You can reach me on my board Realms of Magic - +41 (0) 91 / 46 1378.
Please note that on octobre 14th 1995 the number will change to:
+41(0)91 / 646 13 78!

		 -------------------------------------------
		 The possibility of changing the wave lenght
		 setting on the "ego receiver" ,  and,  with 
		 this, to produce changes  in the  awareness
		 of reality,  constitutes the  real signifi-
		 cance  of  hallucinogens. This  ability  to
		 create  new  and  different  images of  the
		 world  is why  hallucinogenic plants  were,
		 and still are, regarded as sacred, as  gift
		 of the gods.

		    Albert Hofmann in:  "Plants of The Gods"
		 -------------------------------------------


=============================================================================
I CANNOT BE HELD RESPONSABLE FOR THIS TEXT, I SUGGEST YOU TO NEVER TRY ANY
OF THE LISTED SUBSTANCES! SOME OF THEM MAY BE ILLEGAL IN YOUR COUNTRY AND
MOST OF THEM ARE HAZARDOUS TO YOUR HEALTH IF USED INCORRECTLY!
=============================================================================